2010, Washington University in St. Louis, University Libraries & Missouri History Museum Library. Data are freely accessible.
Steam Bakery,
There is manufactured at the above establishment every variety of
bread and crackers,
loaf bread, pilot bread,
sugar, soda, boston, butter,
wine and water crackers &c.
☞The above establishment is capable of manufacturing into Bread fifty barrels
of flour per day.
Importers, jobbers and dealers in
silks, linens
and every description of
staple, fancy, house
and
steamboat furnishing
dry goods.
A full and accurate city directory has long been needed and called for by the citizens of
the demands of the public.
The canvassing of names was performed by, and under the superintendence of Capt. Henry
Almstedt for the First and Second Wards. Mr. Presley Athey for the Fifth and Sixth Wards,
assisted by Mr. E. A. Williams in the Third and Fourth Wards.
In the following pages may be found the names of all the heads of families and persons car-
rying on business at the time the above gentlemen visited the different parts of the City, arranged
in regular alphabetic order ; also the names of the streets, together with other valuable infor-
mation.
The compilation and arrangement of the work has been under the immediate supervision of
Mr. T. H. Knox, and we have added to the General Directory—a Business Directory, which will
be found convenient for business men.
We do not claim perfection in this work, still we feel confident that a generous public will
overlook all minor defects, and accord to the work that share of patronage it may deserve.
As we design to make the work permanent, our next, we hope to make much more complete.
With these few prefatory remarks, we now submit this our first city directory to the
citizens of
importers and manufacurers of
Watches, Jewelry, Silver Ware & Fancy Articles,
Watches and Jewelry Carefully Repaired.
Dedicated in
hundred and twenty-one acres. Burial lots are sold at 20 cts. per square foot, with a discount of 10 per ct. when
sixteen hundred feet or more are taken, and may be selected of any shape and any size, not less than four hun-
dred square feet. Up to
hundred bodies interred in this Cemetery. The grounds occupied are addmirably adapted by nature for the pur
pose, and a large sum is annually expended by the Association in their improvement. It is understood to be
the intention of tho Association, that, as soon as the debts are liquidated and the stock paid in, refunded, the lot
owners shall become the corporators in accordance with the provisions of the charter and the entire receipts go
to constitute a fund for keeping the grounds in order forever.
Plain,
Japanned,
and
Planished
Tin-Ware
Kitchen
Furnishing
Goods,
in great variety.
Wholesale and Retail Dealers in
Stoves, Tin-Ware,
Hot-Air Furnaces,
Registers & Ventilators;
also,
Metal Roofing & Cornices,
Constantly on Hand, the Celebrated
Charter Oak Cooking Stove.
(Please turn over.)
Air-warming and ventilating
furnaces,
For Bituminous Coal;
also
Registers and Ventilators.
Colleges, hospitals, churches, stores, school
houses and dwellings
warmed and ventilated with
Culver’s Air-Warming and Ventilating Furnaces,
collins’ patent ventilators.
Wholesale and Retail Dealers in
hot-air furnaces, stoves,
tin-ware. metal roofing, cornices,
and kitchen furnishing goods,
The following names are a few of the many who have our Furnaces in use:
Dealers in
Italian and American Marble,
Soda Slabs, Table Tops, Monuments, Tombs, &c.,
Terms—
Terms—
Terms—Third Mondays of March and October for
Louis
Terms—Third Mondays at April and November.
All that part of the city lying south of a line begin-
ning on the Mississippi river, at the foot of Wood street,
thence west along Wood to Carondelet avenue, thence
running weatwardly along Rutger to Fifth street, north-
wardly along Fifth to Chouteau avenue, thence weet-
wardly along Chouteau avenue to the western line of the
city.
All the territory lying north of the First Ward, and
south of a line beginning on the Mississippi at the foot of
Walnut street, running westwardly along Walnut to
Berenth, thence southwardly along Seventh to Clark av-
enue, thence westwardly along Clark avenue to the west-
ern line of the city.
All the territory lying north of the Second Ward, and
south of aline commencing on the Mississippi river, at
the foot of Locust, running westwardly along Locust to
the western limits of the city.
All the territory lying north of the Third Ward, and
south of a line commencing at the foot of Cherry stred,
thence running westwardly to Broadway, thence south-
wardly to Morgan, thence’ westwardly with Morgan to
Tenth, thence northwardly to Franklin avenue, thence
westwardly to the western limits of the city.
All the territory lying north of the Fourth Ward, and
Booth of a line commencing at the foot of Biddle street,
I hew e running westwardly to Twelfth, thenco south-
wardly to Carr, and thence westwardly with Carr to the
western limits of the city.
All the territoiy lying north of the Fifth Ward, and
within the city limits, constitutes the Sixth Ward.
In all cases, the centres of the several streets above
named are the dividing lines between the several
Wards.
President
by
son
mouds
Alfred
lin
Trustees.’
iners.
Directors.
pro tern.
lys
Ktn
Directors.
tem.
man
Directors.
ker
mltach
vender
ering
ley
tors.
Phul
shop
ton & Clarke
ry
zo
per
liussey
Hadley
son & Hussey
Tables of postages
within the United States, and to Canada and other British North American
provinces.
Rates of Letter Postage between offices in the United States, and to and from Canada
and the other British and North American Provinces, from and after the
June, 1851
From and after the
of computing the rates upon inland letters-i. e. let-
ters from one office within the United States or Terri-
tories to another, and also upon letters between the
United States and the British North American provin-
ces— is to be as follows, to-wit: Single rate, if not ex-
ceeding half an ounce; double rate, if exceeding half
an ounce, but not exceeding an ounce; treble rate, if
exceeding an ounce; but not exceeding an ounce and a
half; and so on, charging an additional rate for every
additional half ounce or fraction of half an ounce.
The mode of computing rates upon letters to Great
Britain, and to all other foreign countries, the British
North American provinces excepted, will remain as at
present, under the act of
bly to instructions appended to the table of foreign
postages.
1st. Every letter or parcel, not exceeding half an
ounce in weight, shall be deemed a single letter or rate.
2d. All drop-letters, or letters placed in any post-
office, not for transmission, but for delivery only, shall
be charged with postage at the rate of one cent each.
3d. Each deputy postmaster, whose compensation for
the last preceding fiscal year (ending the
1851
all letters written by himself, and receive through the
mail all written communications addressed to himself
on his private business, which shall not exceed in weight
one half ounce, free of postage. This does not authorize
them to frank any letters unless written by themselves,
and on their private business only; nor does it autho-
rize them to receive free of postage anything but writ-
ten communications addressed to themselves, and on
their private business.
32
Rates of postage
to be charged upon each newspaper, periodical, book, unsealed circular, and
every other article of printed matter, transient or otherwise, from
and after
1st. The weight of newspapers, periodicals, and other
printed matter, must be taken or determined when they
are in a dry state; and when the weight of any book or
other publication exceeds one pound, the same progressive
rates, above laid down, must be charged for the excess.
2d. Newspapers, periodicals, magizines, or any other
printed paper or matter, must be sent without any covers or
wrappers, or in covers or wrappers open at the ends or
sides, so that the character of the matter contained there-
in may be determined without removing such wrappers.
3d. In case there is on or in any newspaper, periodi-
cal, pamphl t, or other printed matter or paper con-
nected therewith, any manuscript of any kind by which
information shall be asked for or communicated in wri-
of publishers, as provided by law,) or the directions
herein prescribed are in any other respect not complied
with, the same becomes subject to letter postage; and
it is the duty of the postmaster to remove the wrappers
or envelopes from all printed matter not charged with
letter postage, for the purpose of ascertaining whether
there is upon or connected with such printed matter, or
in such package, any matter or thing which would au-
thorize or require the charge of a higher rate of postage
thereon.
It will be observed that except in respect to books, the
postage on all printed matter to California and Oregon,
is the same as to any other part of the United States.
*Notes.—Each newspaper, or periodical, not exceeding one ounce and a half in weight, when circulated in
the State where published, is subject to a postage of one half cent only.
† Small newspapers, &c., when sent in packets of less than eight ounces, or to more than one address, mast be
rand singly.
Rates of postage,
when paid quarterly in advance on newspapers and periodicals sent from
the office of publication to actual subscribers, from and after the
1st. When the weight of any publication exceeds
eight ounces, the same progressive rate of postage laid
down in the above table must be charged.
2d. Publishers of newspapers and periodicals may
send to each other from their respective offices of publi-
cation, free of postage, one copy of each publication;
and may also send to each actual subscriber, enclosed in
their publications, bills and receipts for the same, free
of postage.
3d. By a joint Resolution of Congress, the Congres-
sional Globe and Appendix may also be sent free through
the mails so long as the same may be published by or-
der of Congress.
4th. Postmasters are not entitled to receive newspa-
pers free of postage under their franking privilege.
5th. If the publisher of any newspaper or periodical,
after being three months previously notified that his pub-
lication is not taken out of the office to which it ii sent
for delivery, continue to forward such publication in the
mail, the postmaster to whose office such publication is
sent will dispose of thesame for the postage, unless the
publisher shall pay it; and whenever any printed mat-
ter of any description, received during one quarter of the
fiscal year, shall have remained in the office without be-
ing called for during the whole of any succeeding quar-
ter, the postmaster at such office will sell the same and
credit the proceeds of such sall in his quarterly accounts
in the usual manner.
6th. Quarterly payments in advance may be made
either at the mailing office or the office of delivery.
When made at such mailing office, at the commence-
ment of a year or of a quarter, (as he may elect,) the
publisher must prepare and hand to the postmaster ready
for signature, a receipt for each post-office to which the
papers to be sent for delivery—stating the number of
papers to be sent to such post-office and the amount of
postage to be paid thereon; also, giving the names of
each of the subscribers. Upon the payment of the post-
age, the receipts must be signed by the postmaster at
the mailing office. The publisher will then direct such
receipts to the postmasters at the offices of delivery, and
they will be received there as evidence that the postage
has been duly paid. To entitle them to pass free through
the mails, such receipts must be left unsealed, endorsed
“Post-Office Business,” and directed to the postmaster
at the office of delivery. The post-masters to whom such
receipts have been sent, will be thereby authorized to de-
liver the papers mentioned in such receipts to the sub-
scribers therein named without further charge for port-
age.
When periodicals are printed not oftener than once
a quarter, and are sent from the office of publication to
actual subscribers, the amount of postage being marked
thereon as prepaid, at the mailing office, and the name
of that office with the date of mailing being written or
stamped thereon, will be sufficient evidence to warrant
their delivery without further charge :—Such periodicals
may be prepaid by stamps.
Post-Office Department,
Schedule
of the days of sailing of the United States Mail Steamers, between the
United States and Europe, for
Saturday being the day of departure from the United States, Wednesday
from England and France, and Friday from Bremen.
The single rate of letter postage by either of the above
lines, (and the same in respect to tho British lines.) to
or from any point in the United States, (except Oregon
and California.) for or from any point in Great Britain,
is 24 cents, pre-payment optional. Newspapers, each
two cents United States, and 2 cents British—each coun-
from, or received in the United States. [Biitbh news-
papers usually come British postage paid by a penny
stamp, equal to 2 cents.] They moat be sent in narrow
bands open at the ends. Letten for the continent of
Europe, to pass through Great Britain, in the open mail,
must be prepaid 21 cents, when the Atlantic conveyance
is by U. S. packets, and 5 cents when by British packets,
except from California or Oregon, when the sura to be
Pre-paid is, in the former instance, 26 cents, and in the
latter, 10 cents.—Thus in the one case, the Atlantic Sea
postage is to be collected at the mailing office in the
United States, and in the other left to be collected to-
gether with the British transit and other foreign post-
age, at the office of delivery. Between Great Britain
and Oregon and California, the single rate of letter post-
age is 29 cents.
Periodical works and pamphlets may be sent from the
United States to the United Kingdom, and vice versa,
at 2 cents of United States postage each, if they do not
exceed two ounces in weight; and at 4 cents per ounce,
or fraction of an ounce, when they exceed that weight,
to be collected in all cases in the United States; and the
same will be subject to an additional like charge in the
United Kingdom. When sent to foreign countries.
without passing through the United Kingdom, they will
be chargeable with one cent an ounce or fraction of an
ounce, United States postage, pre-payment required.
Single rate of letter postage to or f mm Bremen. by
the Bremen line, 10 cents—pre-payment optional.—
Newspapers, each 2 cents United States postage, pre-
payment required. Letters and newspapers to other
parts of the continent may also go by this line, subject
to various rates, for which, see Foreign Postage Table.
Single rate of letter postage to or from France, by the
Havre line. 20 cents, to be pre-paid on letters sent, and
collected on letters received. Newspapers, 2 cents each,
to be collected in the United States, whether the paper
is sent or received.
Single rate of letter postage by the Prussian closed
mail semi-weekly, to Prussia, Austria, and all the other
German States—30 cents being the full postage—pre-
payment optional. Newspapers. 6 cents each, being also
the full postage—pre-payment required.
☞N. B.—All Letters to and from Foreign
cepted) are to be charged with single rate of postage, if
not exceeding the weight of half an ounce; doubl rate
if exceeding half an ounce, but not exceeding an ounce;
quadruple rate if exceeding an ounce, but not exceeding
two ounces; and so on, charging two rates for every
ounce or fractional part of an ounce over the first ounce.
As this rule differs from that followed in respect to do-
mestic letters, great care is requisite to prevent mistakes.
Postmasters should bo careful, also, where the postage
is prepaid, to collect the proper amount. They should
be particular to notice the route indicated on the en-
velops of letters and to collect postage accordingly.
Letters mailed at some offiees, marked “via England”
or “via Prussian closed Mail,” for the German States.
are frequently taken upon the pre-payment of Bremen
rates, and those marked “via Bremen,” at Prussian
closed mail rates, &c. Refer in all cases to the Postage
Tables.
☞The mails for the Pacific leave New York on the
5th and 20th, Charleston and Savannah about the 1st
and 15th, and New Orleans on the 7th and 22d of each
month.
☞Mails for Mexico will be despatched tri-monthly
by the New Orleans and Vora Cruz U. S. steamship line.
U. S. letter postage 10 cents under 2500, and 20 cental
over 2500 miles from the mailing office—to be pre-paid
when sent from and collected when received in the Uni-
ted States. Newspapers, 2 cents each, to be collected in
the United States, as above.
☞Single rate of letter postage to Havana and the
British West Indies, 10 cents under 2500, and 20 cents
over 2500 miles—newspapers, 2 cents: and to West In-
dies (not British) Carthagena, Honduras and St. Juan
(Nicaragua) 34 cents under 2500 and 44 cents over 2500
miles; newspapers, 6 cents each, pre-payment required.
Postmaster General.
The following Masonic Bodies meet at Masonic Hall, corner of Chesnut and Third sts.
Lodges. Time. Meeting-Place.
Rooms in the Mercantile Library Hall Building, corner
of Locust and Fifth streets: Entrance on Locust.
Open between the hours of 9 A. M., and 10 p. m.
Strangers and others are invited to visit these Rooms,
where at all times may be found a largo supply of
the Religious Newspapers and Periodical literature
of the day.
Regular monthly Meting of the Association, for the
proposal and election of members, promotion so-
cial and Christian intercoure : and for the reception
and consideration if such information as will ad-
vance the wellfare of the Association, is held on the
third Monday evening ot each month, at 7½ o’clock.
Regular Monthly Meeting of the Board of Managers, is
hold on the first Monday evening of each month, in
the Committee Room, at 7½ o’clock.
Regular Monthly Meeting of the Committee on Statis-
tics, is held on the last Monday evening of each
month, in the Committee Room, at 7½ o’clock.
The Weekly Prayer Meeting of the Association is held
on Saturday evening, in the Heading Room, at 7½
o’clock.
33
„The following is the fac simile of the title page of the first
names, and was probably as fair an index of the town as the present work is of the city.
„The rule around the page indicates the size of tlio book.]
[This reprint will be found valuable, as the one from which we copied may be the last copy now in
existence.]
The Editor, on his arrival at
inconvenient to search out the residence of persons with
whom he had business; which induced him to think of
publishing a Directory and Register , to number the
houses, and to name those streets not heretofore named ;
He made his intentions known to some of the most in-
fluential citizens of the town, who encouraged him to
proceed.——The work is now finished and it is hoped, will
give general satisfaction.——Every well informed person
must be sensibly impressed with the great utility of a
work of this nature, in a town of such importance as
that of
the state and the emporium of the trade of a greater
extent of country, than that of any other place in the
western region; and is, from its convenient situation,
destined to become much ’the largest town on this side
of the Eastern Mountains.——The labor attendant on
the collection of the necessary information for this under-
taking was very great, more particularly so, as it is the
First publication of the kind attempted in the State
of Missouri. It was at first contemplated to insert a
digest of the Ondinances of the Corporation, but on
examination, they proved too voluminous, and the Con-
stitution of the United States has been substituted in
their stead, which, it is hoped, will give general satis-
faction. In addition to the names of the inhabitants
will be found descriptive notes on
stitution of the State of Missouri, and a variety of use-
ful information particularised in the “List of Contents.” The reader is requested to examine the “Directions to
the Reader,” at the commencement of the names, in
order that every part may be clearly understood.
The editor takes this opportunity to thank those
gentlemen who so kindly furnished answers to his many
queries, during the time he was engaged in the collec-
tion of information.
Notwithstanding great assiduity and pains have been
used to make the work as complete as possible, no doubt
be overlooked by an indulgent public.
As the editor lias incurred considerable expense in
accomplishing this work, and as it promises bo much
convenience and usefulness to the citizens, he flatters
himself that it will meet with a ready sale. To those
gentlemen who have patronized him, he tenders hli
most sincere thanks.
The following is a return of the Census, by the United
States Marshal, of the inhabitants in the State of
Missouri, on the
* Creatad by the Legislature since
town, pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Mis-
sissippi river, 18 miles below the junction of the Mis-
souri, 190 above the mouth of Ohio; and about 1200
above New-Orleans. It is the seat of justice for
Louis
ington City. It is the largest town in the state, of which
it is the commercial metropolis. The site is elevated and
has a decided advantage over any of the other towns, on
account of its being a bold shore of limestone rocks,
which repels the floods. Such situations are very rare,
as the Mississipi is almost universally bounded either by
high perpendicular rocks or loose alluvial soil, the latter
of which is in continual danger of being washed away
by the annual floods. This spot hasan abrupt acclivity
from the river to the first bottom; and a gradual one
from it, to the second; the first bank has a view of the
river and the numerous boats ranged along the shore and
moving on its waters, and is elevated about 40 feet; the
affords a fine view of the town, river, and surrounding
country.
river, and the country around, and west of it for the
distance of 15 miles, is an extended praiiie of a very
luxuriant soil, beautifully undulating, and covered with
shrubby oak, and a variety of other small growth.
Liguert, who had obtained, at New Orleam from the
French authority, the exclusive privilege of the Indian
trade on the Missouri river. When be firat came to the
Illinois country,* there was on the west bank of the
Mississippi river, only the weak and small settlement of
Saint Genevieve; its distance from the Missouri wms by
no meains suitable to his views, and he was determined
to find a more convenient situation;——he, therefore,
* At this early period, the country on both sides of the Mis
sissi pi, wask known as Illinois, and was first settl d from Canada
by the wny of the lakes, and the Illinois and other rivars.
visited all parts of the country and found that the spot
on which the town now stands, was best calculated for
his contemplated parposes, as much by the richnes of
the soil as by the short distance by land to the Missouri,
Marameo and other neighboring Btreams, but principally
for the beauty of its elevation, which undoubtedly, is
without parallel in upper Louisiana. M. de Laolede,
considering there advantages, settled himself and had
the first trees felled on the
frequently told his friends, that he was commencing the
foundation of a town which might prove with time, to
be one of the greitcst in America. Shortly after the
beginning of this settlement, several inhabli’an:s from
Cahokia and fort Chartres, ccome and settled themselves,
M. de. Laclede encouraged and protected them against
the Indians, over whom he hud great ascendeney. These. new setters, Indians and Missouri trawl rs, (batnien,)
gave to this new setlemcnt, the name of Laclede’s vil-
lage,“ thiuigh the latter never would cons nt to it, and
caused it to be in all the official documents, nainal “
Louis
this name in honor of Louis XV thin kinir of France.
Since that psriod the progress of civilization and im-
provement is wonderful. It is but about 40 years since the
now flourishing, but yet more promising state cf Mis-
souri was but a vast wilderness, many of the inhabitants
of this country, yet remembering the tune when they
met together to Kill the Buffalo at the same place
where Mr. Philirsan’s Ox saw and four mil is now
erected, and on Mill Creek, near to where Mr. Chou-
tean’s mill now stands.— What a prodigious change has
been operated!
great number of brick buildings, and both the scholar
and courtier could move in a circle suiting their choice
and taste.
By the exertions of the Right Reverend Bishop Louis
William Du Bourg, the inhabitants have seen a fine
brick Cathedral rise, at the same spot where Stood form-
erly an old log Church, then sufficient, but which now
would scarcely be able to contain the tenth put of the
Catholic congngation : This elegant building was com-
menced
riel Paul, the Architect, and is only in part completed :
as it now stands is 40 feel front by 135 in depth and
40 feet in height. When completed it will have a wing
on each side, running its whole lenght. 22½ feet wide and
25 in height; giving it a front of 85 feet. It will have
a Steeple the same height; as the depth of the building
which will be provided with Bevural large befis expected
from France. The lot on which the Church, College, and
other buildings are erected, embraces a complete square,
a part of which is used as a burial ground. The Cathe-
dral of
the Unit d States for the magnificence, the value and
elegance of her sacred vases, ornaments and paintings;
and inded few Churches in Europe possess anything su-
perior to it. It is a truly delightful sight to an Ameri-
can of taste, to find in one of the remotest towns of the
Union a Church decorated with the original paintinyi of
Raphael, Raphel, Guido, Paul. Voronze and a number
of other by the first modern masters of the Italian, French and Flemish schools. The ancient and precious
go’d embroideries which the
would c irtainly decorate any museum in the world. All
this is due to the liberality of the Catholics of Europe, on
who presented these rich articles to Bishop Du Bourg, on
his last turn through Prance, Italy, Sicily, and the Ne-
therland. Among the liberal benefactors could be named
many princes and princesses; but we will only insert the
names of Louis XVIII, the present King of France and
that of the barorness Le Candele de Glyseghem, a Flem-
ish lady to whose muniflcence the Cathedral is particu -
arly indebted; and who even lately, has sent it a fine,
large and elegant Organ, fit to correspond with the rest
of tin decrations. The Bishop possesses, besides, a very elegant and valuahla Library, containing about 8000
volumes, and which is without doubt, the most complete,
scientific and literar repertory of thewestern country,
if not of the western world. Though it is not public,
there is not doubt but the man of science, the antiquary,
find the Bishop a man endowed at once with the ele-
gance and politeness of the courtier, the piety and zeal
of the Apostle, and the learning & a Father of the
Church. Connected with this establishment is the
Louis
It is a two story brick building, and has about 65 stu-
dents, who are taught the Greek, Latin, French, English,
Spanish, and Italian languages, Mathematics elemen-
tary and transcendent, drawing. &c.—There are sever 1
teachers. Connected with the College is an Ecclesians-
cal Seminary, at the Barrens in St. Geneviave county,
where Divinity, the Oriental languages, and Philosophy,
are taught.
Baptist Church, 40 feet by 60, built in
pal Chureh of wood; the Methodist congregation hold
their meetings in the old court house; and the Presbyte-
rians in the circuit court room.—In
following Mercantile, Professional, Mechanical, &c est
ablishments, viz : 46 Mercantile establishments, which
carry on an extensive trade, with the most distant parts
of the Republic, in merchandise, produce, furs and pel-
try; 3 Auctioneers, who do considerable business: each
pays $200per annum to the state, for a license to sel ,
and on all personal property sold, is a state duty of 3
per cent, on real estate 1½ per cent, and their commission
of 5 per cent; 3 weekly newspapers, viz.- “St Louie
Inquirer,” “Missouri Gazette,” & “
and as many Printing Offices; 1 Book store; 2 Bind rie ;
3 large Inns, together with a number of sina ler Taverns
and boarding-houses; 6 Lavery Stables; 57 Grocers and
Bottlers’ 27 Attorneys and Counsellors at Law; 13 Phy-
sicians; 3 Druggists and Apothecaries: 3 Midwives; 1
Portrait Painter, who would do credit to any o country ; 5
Clock ami Watch makers. Silversmiths and Jewellers;
Silver Plater; 1 Engraver; 1 Brewry. where is manu-
factured Beer, Ale, and Porter, of a quality equal to
any in the western country; 1 Tannery; 3 Soap and
Candle Factories; 2 Brick Yards; 3 Stone Cutters; 14
Bricklayers and Plasterers; 28 Carpenters; 9 Black-
smiths, 3 Gun smiths; 2 Cupper and Tin Ware manu-
facturers; 6 Cabinet mark 4 Coach mkers and
Wheelwrights; 7 Turners and Chair makers: 3 Saddle
and Ham tls manufacturers; 3 Hatters; 12 Tailors; 13
Boot
and Shoe minufaoturers’ 10 Ornamental, Sign and
House Painters and Glilazi 1 Nail Factory: 4 Hair
dressers and perfumers; 2 Confectioner and Cordial dis-
tillers; 4 Cpppers, Block, Pump and Mast makers; 4
bakers; 1 Comb Factory 1 Bell man; 5 Billiard-Tables,
which pay an annual tax of $100 each, to the state, and
the same sum to the corporation; several Hacks or plea-
sure Carriages, and a considerable number of 57 Drays
and Carts; several professional Musicians, who play at
the Balls, which are very frequent and well attended by
the inhabitants, more particularly the French, who, in
general, are remarkably graceful performers, and much
attached to So rational, healthy and improving an amus-
ement; 2 Potteries are within a few miles and there are
several promising gardens in and near to the town.
By an enumeration taken by the Editor of this work,
in
lowing number of dwelling bouses, viz:—
154 of Brick and Stone, and 196 of Wood, in the North parl of the
town, and 78 of Brick and Stone, and 223 of Wood, in
the south part: making 232 of Brick, &c. and 419 of
Wood, and a total of 651 There are besides the dwell-
ing houses, a numbercf Brick, Stone,and wooden Wait
houses Stabljs, Shops and out houses—Most of the
houses are furnished with a garden, some of which are
larg and under good cultivation. The large old fash
ioned dwellings, erected by the French inhabitants, are
surrounded by a piazza, which renden to m very plea-
sant, particularly during the beat of summer. The
“Steam-Boat-warehouse”, built by Mr. Josiah Bright,
is a large brick builling, and would do credit to any of
The market-house is will supplid
with fish and fowl, good meat and vegetables, fruit in
its season, and in short every thing that the country af-
fords, in abnndano at reasonable prices.
Pleas, at their
was known as the Territory of Louisiana; under the
following limits, viz.——“Beginning at Roy’s mill on the
bank of the Mississippi river, thence runing 60 arpens
west, tbence south on said line of sixty arpens in the
rear, until the same comes to the BarriereDenoyer, thence
due south until it comes to the Sugar Loaf, thence due
east to the Mississippi, from thence by the Mississippi
along low water mark, to the place first mentioned.” The bounds of the town, as it respects the taxing of the
inhabitants, is confined to the following bounds viz:
commencing at the mouth of mill creek, (where it enters
the Mississippi river,) thence with the said creek to the
mill dam, thence with the north arm of mill creek to the
head of the same, thence by a line, running parallel wih
the Mississippi river, until it intersects the north boun-
dary of the corporation.
The town is governed by five Trustees, who are elect-
ed on the 6th December annually, by the inhabitants.
There is also a Register, whose duty it is to sac that the
Oidinances are enforced; an Assessor and an Inspector
of lumber.
The Board of Trustees has passed a number of very
wholesome Ondinances for the establishment, and supporr
of order, all of which can be seen in the Ordinance
book, in the office of the Corporation, South B. street,
above Main street, which is open. every morning, Sun-
days exepted, from 10 to 12 o’clock.
The assessed amount of taxable Property in the Cor-
poration of
gives about $3763 tax.
Eight streets run parallel with the river, and are in-
tersected by twenty-three others at right angles; three
of the preceding, are in tha lower part of the town, and
the five others in the upper part. The streets in the
lower part of the town are narrow, being from 32 to
38 1-2 feet in width; those streets on “the Hill,” or
upper part, are much wider. “The Hill,” is much the
most pleasant and salubrious, and will no doubt, become
the most improved. Ths lower end of Market street is
wel paved, and the Trustees of the town have passed an
Ordinance for paving the side walks of Main street, be-
ing the. second from and parallel to the river, and the
prin ipal one for business. This is a very wholesome
regulation of the Trustees, and is the more necessary as
this and many other streets are sometimes so extremely
muddy as to be rendered almost impassable. It is hoped
that the Trustees will next pave the middle of Main
street, and that they will proved gradually, to improve
the other streets; which will contiibute to make the
town more healthy, add to the value of property, and
make it a desirable place of residence. On the Hill, in
the centre of the town is a public square 240 by 300 feet,
on which it is intended to build an elegant Court-House. The various courts are held at present in buildings ad-
jacent to the Public Square. A new stone jaill of two
stories, 70 feet front, by 30 deep, stands west of the site
for the Court-House.
Market street is in the middle of the town, and is the
line dividing the North part from the South. Those
streets running north from Market street, have the ad-
dition of North to their names, and those running in the
opposite direction, South, for example, North-Main
street, South Main street, North A. &c. street, south A.
street. The houses were first numbered by the publisher
of this Directory, in
The fortifications, erected in early times, for the de-
fence of the place, stand principally on the “Hill.”
They consist of several circular stone towers, about 15
feet in height, and 20 in diameter, a wooden black
house, and a large stone Bastion, the inteiior of which
is used as a garden, by Captain A. Wetmore, of the
United States army.
Just above the town are several Indian mounds and
reninins of antiquity, which afford an extensive and
most charming view of the towns and beautiful sur-
ronnding country, situated in the two states of Missouri
and Illinois, winch are separated by the majestic Mis
sissipi, and which is likewise observed in the scene as she
mound nearest to the town, is the Mound Garden, be-
longing to Col, Elins Rector, and kept by Mr. James
Gray, as a place of entertainment nnd recreation; the
proprietor has displayed considerable taste in laying it
out in beds and walks and in ornamenting it with flow-
era and shrubbery. In short it affords a delightful and
pleasant retreat from the noise, heat and dust of a busy
town.
There is a Masonic Hall in which tho Grand Lodge of
the state of Missouri, the Royal Arch, and the master
mason’s Lodges are held. Connected with this excellent
institution is a burying ground, where poor Masons are
interred at the expense of the Fraternity. The Council
Chamber of Gov. William Clark, where he gives audlence
to the Chiefs of the various tribes of Indians who visit
of Indian curiosities to be met with any where in the
United States; and the governor is so polite na to per-
mit its being visited by any person of respectability at
any time.
These are two fire engines, with properly organised
companies; ona of which is in the north part of the
town, and the other in the south, every dwelling and
store has to be provided with good leather fire buckets.
Mr. Samuel Wiggins is the proprietor of two elegant
and substantial Team-Ferry Boats, that ply regularly
and alternately, from the bottom of north H. street,
near the Steamboat Warehouse, to the opposite shore.
The givat public utility of this mode of conveying per-
sons and property across the Mississipi needs no com-
ment, but gives the enterprising owner of them, a high
claim to the patronage of his fellow-citizens. The river
at the ferry is 1 and an 8th mile in width. Opposite
the upper part, of the town and above the ferry, is an
island about one mile and a half in length, containing
upwards of 1000 acres; it belongs to Mr. Samuel Wig-
gins. A considerable sand bar has been formed in the
river, adjoining the lower part of the town, which ex-
tenda far out. and has thrown the main channel over on
the II inois side; when the water is low it is entirely
dry, and is covered with an immense quantity of drift
wood, nearly sufficient, to supply the town with fuel, and
only coats the trouble of cutting and hauling; this is of
great consequence to the inhabitants of
dcul uly as the giowth of wood is small in tbe immediate
neighborhcod, on this side of the river. Wood is likewise
brought down the river in large quantities for disposal.
Population in
time, (
tains 9,732. The population is much mixed, consisting
principally of Americans, from every part of tho Union;
the original and other French, of whom there are 155
families, and foreigners of various nations; consequently
the Society is much diversified, and has no general fixed
character.——This, the reader will perceive, arises from the
situation of the country in itstlf new, flourishing. & chang-
ing: still that class who compose the respectable part of the
community, are hospitable, polite, and well informed.
Ana here, I must take occasion, in justice to the town
and country, to protest against the many calumnies cir-
culated abroad to the prejudice of
the manners, and the dispositions of the inhabitants.
Persons meet here with dissimilar habits, of a different
education, and possessing various localities. It is not
therefore surprising, that, in a place, composed of such
discordant materials, there should bo occasional differ-
ed difficulties.——But, the reader may be assured.
that old-established inhabitants have little participation
in transactions which have so far so much injured the
town.
ever, so much improvement going on at this time, owing
to the check caused by the general and universal pres-
sure that pervades the country.——This state of things
can only be temporary here, for it possesses such per-
manent advantages from its local and geographical
situation, that it must, ere some distant day, become a
place of great importance; being more central wirh
regard to the whole territory belonging to the United
States, than any other considerable town; ami uniting
the advantages of the three great livers, Mississippi,
Missouri, and Illinois, the trade of which it is the
emporium.
“The Missouri Fur Company” was formed by several
gentlemen of
ing on the Missouri river and its waters. The principal
establishment of the Company is at Council Bluffs, yet
they have several others of minor consequence several
hundred miles above,——and it is expected that the estath
lishment wll be extended shortly up as high as the
Mandan villages. The actual capital invested in the
trade is supposed to amount at this time, to about
$70,000. They have in their employ exclusive of their
partners on the river, 25 clerks and interpreters, and 70
liboring men.
It is estimated that the annual value of the Indian
trade of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, is $600,000.
The annual amount of imports of this town is stated at
upwards of $2,000,000.——The commerce by water is
carried on by a great number of Steam Boats, Barges
and Keel Boats.—— These centre here after performing the
greatest inland voyages, known in the world. The prin-
cipal articles of trade are fur, peltry, and lead. The
agricultural productions are Indian corn, wheat, rye,
barley, oats, buckwheat, tobacco, and other articles com-
mon to the western country.——Excellent mill stones are
found and made in this county; stone coal is abundant,
and salt petre, and common salt have been made within
a few. miles Within 3 or 4 miles are several springs of
good water, and 7 miles
Uie vicinity are 2 natural caverns, in lime-stone rocks;
2 miles above town at “North
saw mill; and several comtnen milts are on the neigh-
boring streams. The roads leading from
very good, and it is expected that the Great National
Turnpike, leading from Washington, will strike this
place, as the Commissioners for the United States have
reported in favor of it.
The American bottom is a very beautiful, rich and
extensive tract on the east side of the Mississippi ex-
tending from the Kuskaskia to witlhin five miles of the
Missouri, being about 90 miles in length by from 2 to 8
in width; opposite to
Louis
Illinois.
The Indian agents and traders, the officers of the army
destined for the upper military post, and the suiveyors
make their outfits at
of cash into circulation. Here is a Land office for the
sale of the United States’ lands in Illinois, Missouri and
Arkansaw. a bank with a capital of $250,000. There is
a Theatre of wood, but the foundation has been laid for
a brick one, 40 by 80 feet, which, owing to the present
stagnation in busin
Lumber of various kinds is brought here from the Gas-
conade and other rivers; brick and lime are made; and
stone, sand, and every other material for buildkg, are
abundant. Two stages run from this town; one to Ed-
wardsvilie, and the other to Franklin. Colonel Chou-
teau’s mill dam in the rear of the south part of the
town, is a beautiful sheet of water, affording plenty of
fish and water fowl; it has outlet to the Mississippi,
below the town.
It is contemplated at some future day to open a dinect
intercourse with India by tin’ Missouri and Columbia
rivers. In the course of a few years the Illinois river
will be most probably connected with lake Michigan,
which will afford incalculable aavantages to this place,
as it will open a direct water communication, when the
New York and Pennsylvania Canals to the lakes are
completed, to Montreci, New York and Philadelphia.
lin, 180; Carondelet, 6; St. Ferdinand, 15; Hereula-
num, 30; St. Gen view, 60 : Potosi, or the load mines.
60; Kaskaskia, 65: Edwardgville, 20; Vinocnnes, 160;
Cahokia, 5; BelleviJe, 18; Alton, 25; and west, from
the city of Washington, 982. It is by water abort 650
miles to the Council Bluffs and 1,600 to the Mandan
villages.
Institutsd in
to distressed Irish Families, who may emigrate hither
and others, whose situation might require pecuniary as-
sistance.
The reader will please to observe the following gene-
ral rule for finding the numbers on Houses’:—In those
sheets that run north and south, Main street, for in-
stance, the numbers begin at Market street, running
north and south, the odd being on the east side; in the
cross streets the numbers begin at the river, the odd be-
ing on the north side.
For the names of streets, see “List of Contents.”
As the pronunciation of a name will often admit of
various modes of spelling it, the reader is requested not,
to relinquish his search, should he not find it at the first
attempt; but to seek for it under every possible variety
the ear may dictate—
Where the word street is not expressed it is to bo un-
derstood, as north Main—means north Main street: and
south A—means south A street.
The foregoing is a true statement, ns taken from ths record book of the North Fire (lompa y.
There are twenty-six private members wliose duties are to act in concert with the foregoing bffifcbrg, whenever called on.
and
seed store
(established
wholesale and retail dealers in
gardem. grass amd ptjer seeds,
agricultural and horticultural machines & tools.
Descriptive Catalogues furnished gratis at Warehouse. Orders respectfully solicited and
promptly executed
At the sign of
(of Philadelphia,) announces to all whom it mny interest, that he has located at
Sign of the plow
a branch of his establishment,
Where will Ve constantly kept a complete assortment of Machinery adapted to the Fnrm, Flnntstion and
Garden. His lone practical experience in this branch of business qualifies him to judge of the relative merits
of Implements, and none but thoso of real value will find place in
Seeds of nil descriptions will receive an important share of attention, especially those for the Garden, which
being the produce of his own grounds, and reared under his personal inspection, will be found, on trial, Bujrerior
to those usually offered for sale.
The undersigned being charged with the direction of
Respectfully invites the patronage of hii friends and the public, assuring them of his best exertions to serve
tuoin satisfactorily.
wholesale
booksellers, stationers and paper dealers,
and
importer
School Books;
staple and fancy stationery,
verandah row,
Would call attention to his extensive stock of Standard Works for Libraries, Colleges, Schools, and
Literary Institutions, which will be sold without variation at Eastern prices, and u liberal discount allowed
to those parebssin^ quantities.
The publications of all the leading houses throughout tie United! States received by express as soon as
issued,
agency of morris & willis7 home journal;
Harpers’ and Putnam’s Magazines, &c.; The School-fellow, a Juvenile Magazine.
books, stationery
and
paper
A large stock of Cap and Letter Paper, Plain and Ruled, always on hand ; Musical Books and Blanks in great
variety, of superior quality; Printing Paper, Printers’ Cards and Ink, Bookbinders’ Stock, Straw and Tar
L’oards, Ijvnaet Boards, Binders’ Leather, Marble Paper,
Letter Presses,
And a general assortment of Stationery nt lowest prices.
of
Lucas & Simonds
And
The Geraaan Saving Institution receives deposits (in all sums abore one dollar) and pays interest for the same;
collects notes (city paper without charge buys nnd soils exchange, &c., &c.
Office hours, from 9 A. M. to 4 P. M. Discounts—Offering, daily, before 12 M.; answers,daily, at 2 r.
Bankers and Exchange Dealers,
Real Estate Agents, Stock Brokers,
and
auctioneers,
and
superintendent
Leonard forbes,
importer and wholesale dealer in
American, French and German Goods,
looking glass plates,
watches, clocks, jewelry, silver. ware, cutlery, combs,
Looking Glasses, Picture Frames and Variety Goods,
No. 88 main street,
☞ConstantIy on hand a large and extensive assortment of all kinds of Jewelry, Gold and Silver Watches,
Clocks, Gold Pens and Pencils, Gold and Silver Spectacles, Spectacle Glasses, Fine Pocket Cutlery, &c. Clocks,
Watches and Music Boxes of all descriptions carefully repaired and warranted. Also, Jewelry of all kinds made
to order, and repaired at the shortest notice and most reasonable terms.
Langsdorf & Rosenstein,
importers and jobbers in
English, French, German and Domestic Fancy Goods and Jewelry,
Cutlery, Pistols, Port Monaies, Combs, Brushes, Gold and Gilt
Jewelry and Furnishing Goods,
carpenters and builders,
dealers in
carpeting and builders,
Table and Floor Oil Cloths,
rugs and mats,
Window Shades, &c.,
.steam ml boat
House, sign and ornamental
painters and glaziers,
Jpsb-Ml work done with promptness ami warranted to give satisfaction.
Commission and forwarding merchants,
V-iv^Euy and sell Exchange en Eurore.
References
Wholesale Dealer
Wines and Liquors, Rectifying and Vinegar Establishment,
Lard Oil, Neats Foot Oil, Ivory Black and Glue,
Agent for
Wheeling Paper Mills, Wellsburg Paper Mills, Va.; Conner & Son’s Type Foundry, Wells & Webb’s Wood Type, Hoe & Co’s
Printing Press, Lightbody’s News Inks, N. Y.; Mason’s Blanking, Philadalphia; Cincinnati Spice Mills: Cincinnati Fancy Soap
Factory; Pittsburgh Flint Glass Works; Pittsburgh Green Glass Works; Pittsburgh Window Glass Factory; Wheeling Nail and
Spike Manufactory; Wheeling Straw Board Factory; Krozen’s Wooden Ware Manufactory;
of the
Purchasers are requested to call and examine Prices as we can and
will sell lower than any other House in the West.
boat stores,
wholesale’grocers
and
commission merchants,
and
Forwarding Merchant
Special attention paid to the Agency of Boat
dealer in
all kinds of produce, &c.,
☞ Orders punctually attended to.☜
Has valuable advertising advantages with all the beet papers of Missouri and adjacent States. Employs suit-
able and responsible traveling Sub-Agents and Solicitors. Attends carefully to collecting and all other matters
of business committed to him from all places—near and distant.
steam cracker bakery,
manufacturer of
a superior quality of butter, soda, boston water, sugar,
wine and ginger
crackers and pilot bread,
cracker bakery,
factory,
Pilot Bread, Boston, Soda, Butter, Water, and Sugar Crackers, constantly on
hand, made of the best materials, and warranted a superior article.
planing and saw mill
Sash, Door, Blind, Moulding and Box Factory,
☞
Dressed, Yellow and White Pine Flooring;
Dressed Shelving and Sheathing;
Sashes, Doors and Blinds, and Mouldings,
of different sizes and qualities on hand, ok made to order at
short notice.
boxes of every description wade with dispatch.
We are also fully prepared to
season lumber
by steam in our dry house.
We have also erected one of
Knowle’s Patent Saw Mills for Resawing Lumber,
And have reduced the price to
four dollars per thousand feet.
☞ Our stock on hand of the above articles, will always be large.
Pine and Poplar Weather Boarding,
pine and cypress shingles.
lumber merchants
Dealers in all kinds of
Pine and Poplar Lumber, Pine and Cypress Shingles,
doors, sash, blinds, &c.
lumber yards,
☞A general assortment of building materials for sale low for
Cash, including white and yellow pine flooring, shingles,
laths, &c.
and
clock makers,
All Kinds Of Jewelry Made To Order.
Engraving And Repairing Neatly Executed.
☞ A large and well selected assortment of Clocks, Watches, Jewelry and Silver Spoons, constantly on hand
and for sale low. All orders puncually attended to Highest price paid for old Gold and Silver.
wholesale dealer in
clocks, watches, jewelby, and
Watchmakers’ Tools and Materials.
☞ Constantly on hard an extensive assortment of Gold and Silver Lever, Larine an ) Verge Watches ; Fine
Gold and Gilt Jewelry; Grid, Silver and Common Spec’acles; GoM and Silver Pencils; Spectacle Glasses, Knives,
Scissors, &c.
☜ Time pieres of all descriptions repaired and warranted. Also, Jewelry of all kinds made to order and
repaired at the shortest notice.
“Secure the Shadow ere the subs’ance fade,
Let nature copy that, which nature made.”
Celebratkd Gablery Of
daguerreotype miniatures,
☞ Hours for Children from 11 a. m. to 2 p. m.
Keeps on hand and saws to order,
Lumber
of every description and quality.
Solicit the patronage of the public and the trade for their
planing mill,
(woodworths patent)
known as “Wimer’S Mill,” On
“Planing Tongueing, Grooving and Splitting done at tho shortest notice and at the lowest rates. Partic-
ular attention given to steamboat work.
sish, dc or an.) blind manufactory,
^^,A11 ordere for Bnch, Doors, Blird* ard Mouldings, of every size and description, will be filled at the
shortest notice. Also, planing and all other work in the building line, promnlrly furnished in the best manner^
Come and try us, if yon want work done cheap and well.
Uakm
also,
doors and window frames.
Dealer in
real estate,
lands bought and sold on commission,
money invested either in loans or lands,
particular attention paid to the subdivison of property and
sales at auction.
☞Advances made upon Real Estate or Personal Property consigned to be
disposed of at auction.
House and Real Estate Agents,
Collection of rents, &c.,
☞The undersigned having associated themselves in the above business, and taken an office in one of the most
favorable locations in the city, will give their special attention to the renting of houses and stores, and collecting
of rents; also, leasing of lots, payment of taxes, and general superintendence and care of such property.
Having resided in the city for the last twelve years, our acquaintance is such that we flatter ourselves we can
give entire satisfaction to those who will entrust us with their business. We promise faithful attention and
prompt returns for all collections.
References.
wholesale cash dealer in
hides and leather,
dealers in all kinds of
saddles, bridles, harness
Trunks, Carpet Bags, &c.,
manufacturers of
fine Chewing Tobacco,
Keep constantly on hand a good supply of the various qualities, which they
will sell at fair prices. Merchants and others are respectfully requested to give us a
call before purchasing.
leather
and
wholesale and retail,
and
harness manufacturer
type foundry
and
paper warehouse
established a. d.
type founders and dealers in paper,
Call the attention of Printers and Publishers to their establishment, where will be found every variety of
type, paper, ink, printing presses, rule, borders, flowers, and every other article used
in a printing office. A. P. L. & Co. have lately made additions to their farm and
paper Type, of Matrices imported from Scotland, and have now a complete series. Also, a new
German Faces.
They are also the authorized agents of the principal Type Foundries in the United States, and are prepared
to fill orders selected from any specimen at Eastern prices. They keep always on hand a large supply of
and Book Printing Paper ; also. Cap, Letter, Colored, and Manilla Papers, Cards and Card Boards, ail of which
will be sold on the most reasonable terms. Orders for Stereotyping and Engraving will be promptly executed.
Editors or Printers wishing bo establish a newspaper or job printing office, will be furnished with an estimate in
detail for the same, by stating the size of the paper, or the particular style and quality of work to be executed.
A large assortment of Wood Type always on hand. Old Type taken in exchange for new, at nine cents
pound. Sorts supplied to all founts oast at this establishment at specimen prices. Cash paid for Linen and
Cotton Rags.
The Type with which this Directory is printed is a specimen of our Scotch Minion.
importers and manufacturers of
saddlery hardware,
carriage trimmings, saddle trees, hogskins
skirting, harness and bridle leather,
wood and iron hames, &C.,
importers and wholesale dealers in
hardwar, cutlery, heavy goods,
and
merchanics’ tools of all kinds,
Hardware, Cutlery,
tools, house furnishing goods, &c.,
☞ A large and well assorted stock of American, English and German manufacture, always on hand and for sale at the lowest possible prices.
Also,
iron bedsteads,
Superior to all others in cleanliness, neatness and economy, at
importers and wholesale and retail dealers in
hardware, cutlery
and
mechanics’ tools of all kinds,
H. H. M. keeps constantly on hand a well selected assortment of Domestic and Foreign Hardware, which he
offer? for sale at low and uniform prices, and respectfully asks a share of public patronage.
instrument maker
Received again a large assortment of Mathematical, Surgical and Optical Instruments, which I selected
partly in the East, and partly received directly from Europe. Thii nssortment is composed of the newest and
most improved samples. To Surveyors and Engineers I recommend especially, Compasses, Levelling and
Transit Instruments, Chains, Spy Glasses, Pocket Compasses, Boxes for Mathematical Instruments, Magnets,
Microscopes, Thermometers, Barometors, Spectacles, Magnifying Glasses, Magic Lantern and Slides, and a
Large Assortment of Surgical and Dental Instruments,
too numerous to mention. Also, on hand, Stireoscopes, a new instrument by whi^h Daguerreotype likenesses
ennbamade to represent statutes ani a number of other articles of similar construction, and Patent Magneto
Electro Machines. Tho greater part of these instrument arc manufactured under my control.
Repairing done at shortest notice. Orders attended to strictly, and at liberal ratea.
Great western tobacc0
and
cigar emporium,
dealers in
dry goods
axd
clothing,
3
wholesale
dry goods,
fancy and staple
dry goods,
and
gentlemen’s furnishing goods,
furnishing and fancy goods,
Keeps constantly on hand a full stock of Gold and Silver Fringes, Laces,
Millinery Goods, &c.
wholesale dealers in
American and European Fancy
and
domestic dry goods,
Charging but a moderate per centage, and applying the profits to relieve
distressed Irish Emigrants.
Directors:
importers and wholesale dealers in
Fancy and Staple
dry goods,
wholesale dealers in
dry goods, groceries,
boots, shoes, &C.,
Millinery Goods.
wholesale dealers in
ribbons, silks, flowers
and all other
millinery goods.
also,
laces, embroideries and trimmings,
Argricultural Warehouse
and
seed store
wholesale and retail dealers in
agricultural implements and machines;
grain, grass, garden, herb & flower seeds.
We keep, in their, season,
McCormick’s Mowing & Reaping Machines,
a large assortment of
plows,
Harrows; Seed Drills and Corn Planter?; Cultivators; Revolving Horse Rake;
Powers, Threshers and Separators; Grant’s Patent Fan Mills; Double and Single Corn Shellers; Hay and Straw
Cutters; Vegetable Cutters; “Little Giant” Corn and Cob Crushers;
Corn and Wheat Mills; Bark Mills; Corn Mills; Iron Meat Cutters and Sausage Stuffer?; Iron Dirt Scrapers; Ox
Yokes and Bows; Hay, Straw, Corn and Hemp Knives; Grass and Grain Scythes: Grain and Hemp Cradles;
Scythe Snaths, Stones and Rifles; Hay and Manure Forks; Hay and Garden Kakes, &c. &c.
Also, Transplanting Trowels; Budeing;, Pruning, and Graftings Knives; Pruning and Grafting Saws; Pruning
Shears; Bass Matting, &c. &c. Agricultural Books and Periodicals by all the principal authors.
Clover, timothy, kentucky blue grass, red top and hemp seed.
Also, all kinds of Garden and Flower Seeds.
☞Threshers with and without Separators; Lever Powers; Endless Chain or Railroad Powers; Corn and
Cob Crushers; Corn Shellers; Plows; Bark Mills; Mill Machinery. castings, of every description,
made to order at short notice.
manufacturers of warranted
Cast steel saws,
wholesale and retail.
Particular attention paid to repairing all kinds of Saws.
Empire saw works.
manufacturer of every description of
cast steel saws,
fully warranted.
Factory, corner of O’Fallon st. and Broadway.
Thankful for the very liberal patronage he has received, requiring an enlargement of his works to meet the
increasing demand, he is now prepared to furnish saws of a superior quality and finish, and combining the latest
improvements. Using only the most approved Cast Steel, (imported to his order from the celebrated works of
Wm. Jessup & Sons, Sheffield,) and being himself a practical manufacturer, and carefully inspecting every saw
before it leaves the factory, he can and is determined to furnish customers with an article unsurpassed in this
or any other market. He has made arrangements by which he can furnish
Portable saw mills,
Single or double, with horse powers or small steam engines for running the same—warranted equal to any man-
ufactured in the Western country. No charge for patent right—the right to run the same being fully guaran-
teed. Those wanting mills will find it to their interest to call on him before purchasing elsewhere.
Particular attention paid to Repairing Large Circular Saws,
Saw Cuts, up setts, Cold Chisels, &c., constantly on hand.
manufacturers of the
golden era air tight cook stoves;
also, of the
“Golden Harp,”
and
other premium
Cook Stoves,
And a great variety of
the latest styles and most
approved heating stoves
for Coal and Wood;
and importers
and dealers in
tin plate,
copper, sheet iron,
wire, zinc,
Blook Tin
Tinners’ Machines & Tools,
Japanned Ware,
&c., &c., &c.
Columns, caps, Store Fronts, &c. mill work, machinery of
every description.
We are prepared to execute all orders committed to us for
iron castings
of any pattern.
Architects’ and builders’ work,
of the neatest patterns.
washington foundry, engine & machine shop,
☞Manufacturers of Steam Engines and Boilers; Saw and Grist Mill Machinery; Tobacco Screws and Presses; Lard Kettles; Lard Screws and Cylinders; Wool Carding Machines;
Youngs’ Patent Smut Machines; Building Castings; Patent Portable Muley Saw Mills. ☞Agents for sale of
Mississippi Foundtry.
manufacturers of
Steam Engines, Boilers,
lard tanks,
and
Every description of Machinery,
Dealer in
pen of the west,
forest queen,
buckeye state,
bay state,
preference
premium.
Hotel, and coal Cook Stoves,
parlor stoves & grates,
Foundry Sugar Ket-
tles, Skillets, &c.,
All of the most ap-
proved patterns, and
made of No. 1 iron.
Peoria and moline steel plows and pbaibie
eeeakees; peacock, jewettand ikon eailroad
plows,
Hall’s patent concrete fire
proof safes,
Unsurpassed in security against fire, thieves and dampness. Sold
at manufacturers’ rates, and only at S2 Second street.
☞All orders promptly filled at lowest prices.
Bell and brass founders,
☞We cast bells of any size, tone or description; also in brass, all kind of work whatever. Brass cast-
ing, finishing in brass and iron, also Iron work and black-mithing done to order.
Old Copper, Metal, Brass, Zinc, Tin and Lead will be taken in payment and
bought at the highest prices. Pumps, Cocks, Hydraulic Presses, &c., made to
order.
manufacturers of
iron and nails,
Plough, Spring and American B. Steel;
eliptic springs, axles,
wrought nuts, washers, rivers and spikes,
Crowbars, Harrow Teeth, Sledges,
steel and iron plough wings,
solid box vices, &c. &c.
celebrated
sheffield steel warehouse,
☞Steel of all kinds in store, or imported to order on as good terms as can be
obtained from any other house engaged in the manufacture of the article.
Excelsior Stove Works.
manufacturer of the
charter oak air tight,
prize, comet and pioneer premiums;
Grecian, Mound City and Magnolia Parlor Stores,
wholesale and retail,
boiler makers
and
sheet iron workers,
☞Second hand boilers bought, sold and exchanged for now ones. Sheet iron work done of every descrip-
tion, Buoh as Chimneys, Brichen, Fire Be is, Escape Pips, Condensers, Stoves, Forges, &c., and Steamboat
work in general.
N. B.—Repairing done at the shortest notice, and on the most reasonable
terms.
☞ N. B.—Particular attention paid to Rail Bridge Work and Wrought
Iron Woik of every description.
Punched Washers constantly on hand ; Mill Iron made to order. ☞All the
above on reasonable terms.
proprietors of
broadway foundry,
manufacture
Steam Engines, all sizes,
Boilers,
Sheet Iron Work,
Mill Machinery,
Iron Fronts, &c., for Houses,
Sugar Mills,
Parker’s Patent Water Wheel,
Johnson’s Patent Water Wheel,
Tobacco Presses,
Oil Presses,
Hydraulic Presses,
Lead Eurnace Castings, and
Iron and Brass Castings of every description,
Steamboat Work promptly attended to.
wholesale and retail
tin store,
copper, tin and sheet iron workers,
Keep constantly on hand
parlor and cooking stoves,
brass and silver platers,
and manufacturers of
Wrought Iron Hames, Bits, Stirrups, &c.,
☞Coach and House Work Plated in the best style. All orders promptly
attended to.
manufacturers of
Steam Machinery,
Hydraulic Presses,
Oil and Tobacco Screws,
Morse’s Patent Saw Dust Burners,
Page & Child’s Patent Circular Saw
Mills, for Horss, Steam or Water
Power,
Ard all kinds of Mill Work, &c. &c.
They would invite the attention of Millwrights to their new and large stock of Patterns, for every
Variety of Wheels, lists of which will be furnished when desired, by mail or otherwise.
Their extensive Boler and Sheet Iron Works, under the control of
facturing and Repairing boiler and sheet iron work, in the most approved manner.
Good second hand Boilers generally on hand.
Mississippi Iron Werks.
manufacturers of
Fire Proof Doors, Vaults, Safes & Shutters,
iron railings,
iron bedstreads, chairs, tables, &C.,
by
N. B.—The Stoves of this establishment being cast in
nished for them.
Fairbank’s Scales.
For twenty-five years the Fairbank’s Scales have been
constantly gaining the confidence of business men, until, not only throughout the United
States, but in England, Canada, South America and the West Indies, they have become
emphatically The Standard; celebrated alike for accuracy, great durability and adap-
tation to all transactions by weight, comrrising Canal Scales, Railroad Scales, of every
description; Hay, Coal and Cattle Scales of a dozen varieties, from three to twenty tons
capacity; Farmers’ Scales; also all possible modifications of Stor; Warehouse, Mill, Steam-
boat, Counter, and Druggists’ Scales constantly on hand and for sale by
Also, the above Scales are used in the Custom House at Boston, and in the United States Mint at New Orleans
for weighing Gold.
Removal.
importer, manufacturer and wholesale dealer in
guns, pistols,
rifles, gun materils,
rifle barrels, sporting apparatus,
fishing tackle, &c., of the best quality, always on hand a
complete assortment,
☞Agent for the sale of Colt’s and Allen’s Revolving Pistols; and also Sharp’s Broeoh Loading Rifle.
gunpowder manufacturers.
☞dealers in safety fuse for blasting.
L. & S. are constantly in receipt, from their long established works, known as the Saugerties and Catskill
Powder Mills, the various brands of Powder. Orders promptly and faithfully attended to.
importers and wholesale dealers in
hardware and cutlery,
wholesale dealers in
hardware,
manufacturers of and wholesale and retail dealers in
hats and caps,
Always on hand, a fashionable assortment of Hate, Caps, and Slraw Goods. Fashions issued the same time as
n New York.
hemp warehouse,
dealer in
dairy and table salt,
also, at wholesale and retail,
turks island, liverpool blown,
ground alum, salena salt,
N. B.—No. 1 Tarpaulins for hire.
Railroad cars manufactured to order.
Car wheels, of all sizes, and all other kinds of railroad
castings made to order.
Contractors’ outfits constantly on hand,
Such as Wheelbarrows, Scrapers, Derricks, Tackle Blocks, Cordage, &c. Also,
Hoisting Wheels, Truck Carriages, Pumps and Pump Tubing, &c.
manufacturers of
still and sparkling
ctawba wines.
Wine presses—
Wine house—
Office—
manufacturers of
lead pipe & sheet lead,
and dealers in
pig lead, bar lead, force and lift pumps,
and hydraulic rams,
Plumbers,
☞Hydrants, Bath Tubs, Water Closets, Wash Stands, Wash Trays, Kitchen
Ranges, Copper Boilers, Iron and Copper Well and Cistern Pumps, Brass and
Silver Plated Cocks, Iron Sinks, Sewer and Sink Traps, Lead Pipe and Sheet Lead,
furnished and put up at short notice and in superior style.
Bartholomew’s Patent Valve Hydrant
The subscribers have been appointed sole Agents for
above article, which is superior to any other now in use. Also, Bartholomew’s
Patent Self Acting Single and Double Safety Valves for Water
Closets, supplied to the trade at lowest rates.
plumbers,
Manufacture and keep constantly on hand:
Water Closets. Wash Basins, Marble Slabs, Bathing Tubs, Shower Baths, Force Pumps. Lift Pumps, Beer
Pumps, Fountains, Brass Cocks, Hydrants, Sheet Lead, Lead Pipe, Bar Lead, Silver Plated Work, &c., &c.
Lather and Indian Rubber Hose.
N. B.—Orders from the country attended to.
Will attend promptly to all
jobbing work
Pertaining to the
Brick Laying or Plastering Business.
☞Order may be left with
Grates, Ranges, Forges, Furnaces, Bake Ovens Earthern Ware or Brick Drains; Cast Iron or Earthen Ware
Chimney Tops : Cast Iron or Briek Chimney Arches; Job Plastering; Paving Hearths, Repairing Chimney Tops
Pointing Firewalls, &c. Steamboat Work done at short notice.
wholesale and retail
Clothing & Gentlemen’s Furnishing Store,
☞clothing made to order.
wholesale axd retail
clothies,
Clothing of ail kisds made to order and at very low prices.
No. 12.
clothier
Terms and prices as reasonable as any other clothier in the city.
Wholesale and Retail Dealer in all kinds of
Clothing
and
furnishing goods,
Clothing made to order on the most reasonable terms.
Tailor
carriage manufacturers,
Keep always on hand, and offer for sale, a large and choice assortment of every
variety of Carriages. All our work is warranted.
Tent, Tarpaulin and Wagon Cover Manufactory.
manufacture all kinds of
California, Oregon, Salt Lake, Santa Fe & Military
tents and wagon covers,
A large supply always on hand, and made to order at the lowest cash prices, at
N. B.—Two hundred largest size new tarpaulins to hire.
and
farrier
All work in his line neatly cxecuted at the shortest notice, and on moderate terms.
steamboat
joiners,
We are prepared to put up new Cabins in the most
approved manner. Particular attention paid to repair-
ing at short notice, and on reasonable terms. A large
supply of good materials on hand.
wholesale and retail dealer in
groceries & provisions,
and importer of
Fine Teas, Mines and Liquors,
☞All articles bought here warranted as represented.
and
builders’ warerooms
sash, door and blind factory,
mill and lumber yard,
We have erected a large Steam Mill for the purpoe of manufacturing and keeping on hand an assortment of
Doors. Sash, Blinds. Mantels, Base, Shelving for Stores, Palings for Fences, Weather Boarding, Flooring, and
every kind of carpenter work suitable for steamboats and buildings. Boards and planks planed on both sides to
my thickness required. Re-splitting, Re-ping, Scroll and Circular sawing, Ploughing, Relating; also Mouldings
of every variety of Pattern p epared at short notice.
Being practical builders, employing none but experienced workmen, we are prepared to furnish work as low as
any establishment in the West. Our work is all made of seasoned lumber, and warranted equal to that made by
hand. Considering the low rates of freiget carpenters and others about to erect buildings? on tho lines of rail-
road running into
their work and lumber from us. We have a printed bil of prices which we will send to persons who may wish
one. All orders will receive prompt attention, Terms, Cash.
henwood, agent,
wholesale grocers
and
commission merchants,
And
Manufacturer
Domestic Liquors and Rectifier of Whisky,
grocers, tea, wine
and
provision dealers,
Probisions and Staple Groceries,
☞Orders filled with neatness, fidelity and dispatch. All goods warranted as
represented, or no sale.
manufacturers of
Solar Sperm, Star and Callow Candles,
palm, oleine & extra family soap,
pure lard oil,
New York, New Orleans and Mobile Oyster Depot,
The undersigned having made arrangements to receive regular supplies of fresh Oysters In
The Shell from New York. New York, New Orleans and Mobile, would inform his friends and the public,
that he has now on hand a lot of the freshest and best of the season, which will be served up in the
best style to customers, and furnished at all hours to families and parties, on short-notice.
The above Saloon has been recently refitted in elegant style, and the lovers of good eating find drinking will find
it unsurpassed by any establishment in the city. Lunch every day at 10 o’clock.
An entrance for ladies calling for oysters for families, has been opined scpaiate from tho bar room.
(Successor to Collet & Johnson,)
has for sale at the office or factory,
whole and ground spices,
mustards, goffee, cayenne, catsups, syrups.
also manufacturer of
tin boxes, cans and druggists’ tin ware,
importers and wholesale dealers in
chemicals, drugs, medicines,
paints, oils and dye stuffs.
also,
zinc white, white lead, window glass,
and glassware at factory prices,
Chemists and Druggists,
Wholesale and retail dealers in
Fresh Drug, Medicines, Chemicals, Perfumery, Instruments, Glassware, Paints, Oils, Varnishes, Putty,
Brushes, Dye Stuffs, Window Glass, Essential Oils, Acids, Medicinal Herbs, Patent Medicines, Spices, &c. &c.
Also, pure Wines, Brandies, imported direct, and warranted pure, fur Medicinal purposes.
Particular attention paid to replenishing Steamboat Medicine Chests. A large assortment constantly on hand.
wholesale dealers in
drugs, chemicals, paints, oils,
dye stuffs, brushes,
window glass, glassware, &C.,
manufacturers and dealers in
copal, japan,
and all the various
varnishes in use.
(Successor to S. Ridgley,)
manufacturer of
phosgene spibit gas, chemical oil,
camphene,
pure alcohol and pure spirits,
(Formerly S. Ridgley & Co.,)
Manufacturers of
Phosgene Spirit Gas, Chemical Oil, Caniphene,
pure alcohol and pure spirits,
N. B.—Cans, Lamps and Wicks for sole, and all kinds of repairing executed with dispatch.
They also have constantly on hand for the Trade, a 1arge stock of Gin and American Brandies on tho most
favorable terms.
manufacturers of
Chemical Oil, Spirit Gas, Pure Alcohol,
neutral spirits & domestic liquors,
dealers in
oils, candles, spirits turpentine, &C.,
Always on hand, a large assortment of Chemical Oil, Spirit Gas and Oil Lumps of all descriptions. Orders
from the a country promptly attended to at the lowest market rates.
manufacturers, importers and dealers in
Brushes, Wooden & Willow Ware,
fancy articles and house furnishing goods,
Constantly on hand all kinds of Brushes, Baskets, Tubs, Churns, &c. &c. Cincinnati Soaps and Candles sold
at Factory prices.
Wholesale dealers in
house furnishing goods.
Wholesale Dealers in every variety of House, Hotel and Steamboat
Farnishing and Fancy Goods,
and manufacturers of
Wooden and Willow Ware,
and all kinds of
baths, water coolers, refrigerators,
ice chests, cedar chests, provision safes, &C.,
Boots & Shoes,
at wholesale,
wholesale dealers in
boots & shoes,
boots and shoes,
dealers in
boots & shoes,
boots & shoes,
Manufacturer of
Pearl Barley, Oat Meal, Corn Meal, &c.
All orders promptly attended to at short notice.
Money to Loin.
Cash advanced on watches, jewelry,
Silver Ware, Dry Goods, and Personal Property gen-
erally, at the Checkered Office,
Also,
Money to loan on Watches, Jewelry, and most kinds of Per-
sonal property, at
Private entrance from the alley in the rear.
Insurance Company
of
Insurance against loss by
fire and marine, sea and inland.
Directors.
☞This Company is now doing a successful business with an increased capital;
is prepared with ample means to meet all losses promptly ; to give the usual cash
facilities, and to divide 50 percent, profits to its customers according to the charter.
Capital - - - - - - - - - $250,000.
Fire & Marine Insurance Company
of
Chartered
Face of premium notes to
$661,374 45, and constantly increasing.
Policies issued from thirty days to six years.
Directors.
Mutual Life Insurance Co.
of boston.
☞Having been appointed Agent of the
New England Mutual Life Insurance Company Of Boston,
I am prepared to receive applications for the Insurance of Lives by said Company.
Persons desirous of availing themselves of the advantage of insuring in a Company
conducted on a principle which really amounts to
Life Insurance,
will do well to call upon me at the office of the
home mutual fire and marine insurance company,
Over Page Sr Bacon’s Banking House,
and examine the Report of the Company.
Also, agents for the sale of the
Patent Metalic Burial Cases.
A large supply constantly on hand, and sold at the manufacturers’ prices.
Superior rectified whisky from
Wholesale Grocers
and dealers in
wines and liquors,
and
Also,
Furnished at short notice. A large supply constantly on hand.
importers of
wines, liquors, cordials,
and
wholesale grocers,
Keeps cons’antly on hnncl, a larf;e supply of Malaga Wine, Domestic Brandy, very fine quality; Peach
Brandy, Apple Braqdy, Holland Gin, Puro Oider Vinegar, Old Moqcogabda WhL-ky,’ Old Bourbon Whisky,
Old Rectified Whisky, Superior XX brand Whisky, Pure Spirits for Brandies, &c.
In offering his card to toe public, the undersigned does it with the most perfect confidence that entire reliance
may be placed in the quality of the articles offered, and perfect satisfaction afforded as regards prices. He
respectfully solicits a call from city and country dealers, and assures them that his brand shall not be surpassed
by any in the city.
8
Piano fortes
By
Melodeons and reed organs,
By
N. B.—All kinds of musical instruments repaired.
This institution is ready to receive deposits, either to be checked for at pleasure or to accumulate. On deposit
for three months or longer, intere t at the rate of fix per cent. per annum, and compounded quarterly, and on
current deposits four percent interest will ho allowed.
From minors, as small amounts as ten cents will be received. For full information, apply fit the office.
The office will hereafter be opened every dny, except Sunday, and tae usual holidays, from d o’clock, A. M., till
o’clock, P. M., and on Saturday from 9 o’clock, a. m., till 8 P. M.
Board of Directors.
Blank Books & Stationery.
paper, ink, prints, quills,
lead pencils, steel pens, &c.,
french and german books.
book and job printers,
Painter And Glazier
All work dono with promptness and warranted to give satisfaction.
twenty-five dozen for family use,
for sale by
billiard tables,
wholesale grocers,
Commission and Forwarding
Merchants,
☞Also, Agents for
Nuts, Wines, Liquors, Segars, &c.
attorneys,
importers and dealers in
Music, Musical Instruments,
music paper, strings, &C.,
☞A fine assortment of superior Piano Fortes, always on hand.
Circular and Catalogue
of
Jones’ Commercial College,
of
With full authority “to grant diplomas, award degrees, confer honors,
and exercise all and singular the privileges common to commer-
cial colleges, authorized by law in orher states”— charter, Sec. 2.
Located on the south-east corner of washington avenue and third street.
Practice of Book Keeping, Commercial Cor-
respondence, &c., &c.
Permanent Associate in the Book-keeping Department.
Associate in the Book-keeping Department—Evening
Session,
In special charge of Commercial Calculations, &c. &c.,
From numerous communications, of similar impart,
received during the list two years, we deem it expedient
to furnish this Foimula of Intelligence for whom it may
concern.
Question 1st. What does a full Collegiate course in
your Institutute cost?
Answer. For the particulars touching this course,
please refer to page 58, the cost of which is $65.
Question 2d. Can I enter for the different courses
separately, such as for Book-keeping, at the price
charged on page 56, Penmanship page 58, &c. &c., or
am I obliged to enter for the entire course at once?
Answer. Gentlemen can enter for either of the
courses separately, at the regulir charge ;but it will
be a great saving of time to the pupil, if he design to
graduate for him to enter for the full course at once, as
each department is independent, and under the control
of its respective Professor, with the hours of instruction
so a ranged as not to conflict with each other, and thus
enable the student to appropriate his entire time to
business.
Question 3d. What time does it usually require to
complete a course in Double-entry Book-keeping, or a
full Call giato course?
Answer. The time requisite to complete a full course
in Double-entry Book-keeping, by a young gentlmen of
Industrious business habits, (and no others make Practi-
cal A.ooountan.’s under tuiy circumstances^ writing a
fair business bund, and competent to perform the ordi-
nary calculations of an Accountant, will not exceed
eight wojks, and may not require more th;in six ; th
induction being imparted individually and not in
cass, each gen:L’inan having his respective desk, hi-
progrees will therefore be commensurate with his capa
city for receiving instruction ;ind his previous experience
in business routine. A full Collegiate course wij require
about double this period.
Question 4th. When can X enter to the best advan-
tage?
Answer. At one time just as well as another.—
This institution is in perpetual session.
Question 5th. What can Boarding be obtained a
per month?
Answer. From $10 to $15 per month; good Board-
ing can at all times be obtained in private families a
$12 per month.
Question 6th. What are the prospects for a situation
provided I am qualiikd for it?
Answer. A young gentleman of good moral charac-
ter, of industrious business habits, and not too proud to
work, and willing to accept what offers, has never been
known to bs in want of a situation in this city; and no
young gentleman answering this desciption, fully quali-
tied, has ever failed to receive a proper remuneration for
his services—though all of this is indepmdent of our
contract as Teacher und Pupil. By that contract, we,
parties of the first part, are firmly bound, and by these
presents, do cov nant and agree to,complete and in every
eipect to qu:.liiy each and every Pupil to perform the
duties of an Accountant in charge of the most complica-
ted Books, or to sustain an examination before a Com-
mittee of Accountants of his own choosing—but no fur-
ther. The Pupil, party of the second part, covenants
and agrees to conform to the rules and regulations of the
Institution, and to consecrate his best efforts to the ac-
coinplishment of the objects for which he has been reg-
istered, during his entire course of instruction—but no
further. Then this agreement to be in full force ; but
if otherwise, it shall be void. Thus the Teacher and
Pupil are both free in all matters disconnected with in-
struction. This is as it should be. Our Pupils arc our
“Finger Boards,” and, as we have constant applica-
tions for young gentlemen answering to the above de-
scription, we arc quite certain to seiect ?uch only as by
their superior qualifications point to
In the permanent establishment of an Institution,
devoted exclusively to the instruction of gentlemen, in
a selece and limited number of the most imp irtnnt and
j^eful branches of aGe era] Education—confining its
operations mainly to those branches, which experience
has lonn s nee proved cannot be successfully tawjht in
connection with the great variety of studies requisite to
a sc enlific and liberal Education—it hop bean the un-
’l e able pinion of the Principal, that such an Acade-
my would Le of piblic utility, an efficient aid to the
“Common “Common School System,,” and an acceptable auxiliary
to our deservedly popihr “Literary Institutions,” in
their most laudable efforts ; while, at the same time, it
would reich a certain class, and effect nn important end,
in a commercial community, which couid not be accom-
plished in any other way.
The practicability of directing the eduation of a
young gentleman with reference to that pursuit, which
nature or inclination may lend him to choose, and thus
oreate a firm basis for an inte ligent, rational and sys-
tematic deposition of bis time, his talents, ur his capital,
is becoming mure npp *rent to aJl; and hence the increas-
ing demand for Mathematical and Law Institutes—
Theological, Medical and Commercial Colleges; Istitu-
tions culled into being by a necessity growing out of the
very organization of society, and the diversified demands
and reciprocal duties of a business community. For the
correctness of this conclusion, apart f^m our own expe-
rience, we have tuc highest authority. In an address
on this subject, of more than usu;l interest to young
gentlemen, .iiulgo Walker (an eminent member of the
’Cincinnati Bar) remarks:
“The result to which I would conduct your minds is,
that tO the Merchant, Knowledge is Capital. If it
bo a general truth in human affairs, that knowledge is
pjwer, I hold it\to be pre-eminently so in regard to mer-
cantile pursuits. Without it, all the capital of a Gi-
rard or an Astor, would not make a merchant; and
with it, as the princip il thing, capital soonfo.lows as an
incident. Accordingly, the Jirst duty of every person
destined for a merchant, is to prepare himself, by a
suitable education, for an intelligent discharge of his
diversified functions—just as much so. aa of a lawyer, a
physician, or a clergyman; and to this end, there is
Just as much nebd of commercial schools and col-
leges as of any other—and these, I rej >ice to say, we
are beginning to have in a our commercial cities. We
have, too, commercial diotiopaiiaa and magazines—a
distinct commercial department fur new.-p-p.rs—cham-
bers of commerce—boards of trade—reading rooms—
and best of all, library associations. All these things
bear gratifying testimony to the increased interest taken
in mercantile education. And why shouid it not be so ?
Why should not the mercantile profession stand side by
side with the other so called liberal professions ? There
is, in truth, no good reason, whether we look to its dig-
nity, difficulty, or utility.
* * * * * * * *
“It has been said by close observers, that, in this
country, nine merchants out of ten, fail in the course of
their lives. I know not whether this be strictly true.
It is enough for my purpose to know, that failures are
far more frequent among merchants than among any
other class of business men; and that every few years
there occurs a general crisis, or revulsion, sometimes con-
fined to one country only, and sometimes embracing the
whole commercial world, in which bankruptcies become
the order of the day. Those who seemed roiling in
wealth are suddenly reduced to beggary—the breaking
of one house drags down another, though p-Jrhfipj
oceans intervene. He, who could borrow his millions
yesterday, cannot get credit for a coat to-day. Banks
break because their debtors are broken; even the day
laborer has not the wherewithal to pay for his food, be-
cause that which he took as money has become worthkss
on his hands; in a word, the vast fabric of commerce is
overthrown, and all is chaos and confusion. Anon, a
new race of merchants appear. The darkness which
brooded over the f nee of the deep is gradually deposed
—business finds or makes for itself new channels as be-
fore—capital increases—credit expands—there seems no
end to the swelling prosperity. Every body can in-
crease his _ expenses, because his books show that his
profits are increased. The last revulsion is forgotten in
the halcyon times—the warnings of expjrience are un-
heard in tho general rush of business—f irtunes are
made in a day—nothing is required but courage and
luck. Surely these are glorious times ! Yes—but wait
till to-morrow. The bubble has burst. There is another
crisis—another revulsion—another deluge of bauki up.cv
—and so on, almost periodically.
“Let us explore some of the causes of this great evil of
instability.
“One of the most prominent causes, especially in this
on-rushing country of ours, is a prevailing eagerness for
rapid gains. Our young merchants have not patience to
begin at the bottom of the ladder andascend regularly to
the top. They must go up by a few rapid leaps. Instead
of beginning in a smafl way. and enlarging their busi-
ness gradually—themselves growing up with it—they
dash at once into a largo business, before they are fitted
for it. I speak not now wi;h re peet to capial; for. if
they bad c\er so much, this is not the way to begin, but
I the way to clo^e a commercial career. The great want is
never can le acquired by a mevo apprenticeship. L
must be tho work of actual experience at the Le.id of
business, and not in any subo dinaie po-iiion. Tute two
jout’g ineii of equal means in every ie-peot, mental and
o he wi.e. Let one begin moderately, arid extei.d his
operations gr; dually, say for twenty years. Let ih
o her legin wiih a busine.-s as large as that to which
hat of ihe first has grown in this space of lime. An
at ihe end, who is likely to be in the best portion ! 1
hink all experience will answer, the former. In fact
the p.obabiliiL’s are, a hundred to one, that tie lattei
wi 1 be a broken merchant r-efore h;:if the period h.c
1. psed ; while the former, feeing his way at ever)
-iep—i ever venturi :g 1 eyond his depth—growing in
capacity with the growth of business—and thus nlwayi
quul 10 what he undertakes, will in all probability, by
that time, have become an established merchant, in the
best ten^e of that phrase.”
An Outline of the Plan of Instruction in the Art of
Double Entrg Book Keeping, Commercial Law.
Commercial Calculations and Penmanship.
There has been, in the mercantile community, a uni-
ve sal prejudke of long standing, touching the art of
Double-Entry Book-Keeping, as ordinarily taught it
he “literary and Scientific Institutions” of out day
wbieh the inoompetency of many who have attempted
o te.ieh Book-Keeping theoretically, as well as the ue
fecta peculiar to th ir systems, have naturally enough
e ited. This prejudice is both well founded and jusl ,
bu: if tho e hwi in ions h >ve mi-take > l;oiu 1—i i:trv
Book-Keeping (a practical art) for an abstruse, compl x
and difficult science, and delivered long printed lec-
tures upou its “Speculative Ihcory,” or lequiied she
student to memorize arbitrary rules, and finally f. iled in
the end to ac*omi>lish their object, doea it hence folLm
that we are to have no improvement in the art of teach-
ing ? or, are systems founded upon enii ely different
principles—principles diametrically opioodto tho-e in
their Learing and practical application—subject to the
samefite, and that, too, without a fiir trial? This
conclusion is disingenuous, illogical and unjust. It is
obvious to every intelligent practical accountant that
Book-Ktej.ing his a thejry as well as a practice to be
acquired, and to that young gentleman aspiring to the
highest rank as a scientific and practical accountant,
much will depend upon the demonstrator of tho>e prim i-
plfli which aro to govern him in the performance of hi;
duties, ’ihe utility of Double-Entry Book-Keeping, in
the management of accounts, is no longer questi ned.
Its perfect adaptation (with proper forms; to mercan-
tile, steamboat, manufacturing, and joint stock opera-
tions, has been so fully tested, that but few business
men now consider thjir capital safe, where the books of
the company aro not kept by double-eutry.
The only question is, how are young gentlemen, inex-
perienced in the management of accounts, by double-
entrw—though familiarized with the general routine of
business—writing legible hands, and competent to per-
form the ordinary calculations of accountants, to be
qui lifted as practical book-keepers for the pe formance
of their duties in the counting-lum.-e ? Or, in o he
words, where is a supply of practical aoeonntanl
to the demand, to be obtained? To this we unhe i ai
ingly reply, They can only be taught, trained and
qualified by practical accountants, who understand the
entire routine of the counting-house, its duties and re-
quirements. Hence, no literary institution, scho 1 or
college, ever did produce a single practical accountant,
oompe ent to assume the charge of a sot of books, upon
the ordinary class and text book plan of instruction.
But if inexperienced theoretical teachers fail to supply
the counting-house with practical book-keeper, and ihe
demand for such services induce experienced practical
accountants to adopt teaching as a profession—if they
organize an institution, with all the facilities known in
the actual performance of their duties—if they teach
young gentlemen, of good burines habits, to perform
their duties just as they have been taught, and use the
eiaot forms and auxiliaries approved and adopted by
our leading mercantile houses—e;uiy any intelligent
business man question their ability to produce just as
thorough practical accountants as those raised in the
counting-house? Equally obvious wi.l it appear to
every unprejudiced, ob-eving business mm, that if a
gantleman, of good businees habits, ba required to take
a, Bl rtter, containing every variety of entry that can
possibly occur in the ’’counting-house,” and put it
through Cm its proper shape) the Cash Book, Journal
ind Ledger, and give all the reasons involved in the
opening, journalizing, pa-tiug, taking off the monthly
rrials. and finally in the clewing of the Books, hi must
be competent to propeily open, successfully conduct, and
aorrectly close any set of Books, under all and every cir-
uuinstance.
In this particular the operations of Jones’ Commercial
Oolle^e are peculiar; instead of placing in the hands of
hhe pupil a treatise (such as Bennett’s or Colt’s Bjok-
Keeping) containing lectures, rules, Ac., to memorize or
to copy, a practical book keeper demonstrates the legi-
timate design of Debit and Credit, and then brings those
principles to bear upon actual business transactions, such
.is occur in every counting-house. The student being
first taught the true nature of the relation that exists
oetwce.i the Merchant, the Saliaman and the Book-kcp-
ar, copies his Biottor, journalizes, poets, takes his month-
ly Trial Balances, &c., and proceeds in the practical dis-
obarge of his duties as though hs were conducting a set
of Books in an extensive establishment.
The practicability of this course, its superiority over
all others, and its perfect adaptation to the making of
thorough Accountants, have been fuily tested in this com-
munity during the last thirteen years. Hundreds of
young gentlemen out of empljyment, mechanics unable
to follow their pursuits, Sa.esmen, Second Clerks, Ac,
have been qualified, for the Counting-house and Steatn-
b jat C erkship, and placed in situations worth $600,
$800, $900, $1200 and $1500 per annum—to whom per-
sonal reference will be given by calling upon the Prin-
cipal, at the Book-Keeping department; but for the con-
venient of thoie who may desire a more comple e and
extensive outline of the plan of instruction, or a personal
interview with those who can speak from personal expe-
rience, he begs leave to refer to the Report of tho fol-
lowing Practical Accountants.
The undersigned, pupils of Jonathan Jones, believ-
ing a more general knowledge of his peculiar mode of
imparting instruction would be of public utility, and en-
able every young man, of good business habits, to realize
i hj importance of taking a thorough course of Double-
Entry Bcok-Keeping in this College, before entering up-
on a business career, take this method of informing tho^o
who may not be acquainted with the deugn of this In-
stitution, and wish to acquire a practical knowledge of
accounts, tnat the plan of instruction adopted differs es-
sentiaily from that ordinarily used in schools and col-
lege-?. Instead of memorizing a set of arbitrary rule*,
and studying long dissertations upon the theory of Book-
K.eping, the young gentkman is at once introduced to
tho practical discbarge of an accountant’s duties, by
transcribing his Day Book, journalizing, posting, taking
his monthly trials, &c. Thus ho proceeds as though he
were in charge of aset of Books in an extensive establish-
ment.
“Year after year (in epitomized forms) he continues
the opening, conducting and dosing of Books under all
the variety of circumstances that can possibly occur; he
beholds himself a merchant, with limited resources; he
enters into numerous speculations, but, finally, encoun-
ters extensive losses and is foreclosed with heavy insol-
vency—he then becomes associated with a capitalist in
busine;.?, and resumes his accustomed duties as an ac-
countant.”
In conclusion permit us to state, that a great number
of Mr. Jones’ pupils are in charge of Books in responsi-
ble stations, as practical accountants, in this city with
whom-many of us are personally acquainted : from the
manner in which they discharge their duties as practical
and accomplished Book-keepers, and from what we know
ourselves, we do most unequivocally declare it as our opi-
nion, that as thorough and perfect a knowledge of the
accountant’s duties can be obtained in this School, as it
is possible to receive in any counting-house in any num-
ber of years—the operations being the same to all in-
tents and purposes. For further particulars, apply to us,
in person.
And one hundred and seventy more in this City in
charge of Books to whom personal reference will be given.
A full course of Double-Enlry Book-Keeping—
embracing Mercantile, Manufacturing, and
Steamboat Book-Keeping; Individual, Com-
pany, and Compound Company; with Forms
adapted to the Wholesale, Retail, Banking and
Commission Businesses, etc., etc.; together with
accounts Current, Accountsales, and a complete
system of Commercial Correspondence.....$30.00
Gas-Tax, assessed on Night Pupils for each session 1.00
Tuition Fees payable in advance,.The importance of
this rule will appear evident to all. The tuition fees,
not being far time, but for thoroughly qualifying the
gentleman in that course for which he may be registered
—tin- pupil having the privilege of completing at op-
tion, and of reviewing the same during Hfc free of addi-
tional charge—render it imperious that this rule should
be invariably complied with.
The competency of each pupil to discharge tho duties
of an accountant, in charge of the most complicated
books, or to sustain an examination before a commit tee
of accoutants, of his (the pupil’s) own choosing, in every
case, will be guaranteed.
From the simplicity of tho practical forms now in use
for Cash Book, Freight Book, Passage Book, &c.—the
limited variety of transactions and uniform manner of
adjusting cacti respective Trip’s work, in the ordinary
routine, consequent upon doing a cash business exclusive-
ly—many have been led to suppose Steamboat Book-
keeping to bo a very simple and easy thing. While to
the thorough accountant and experienced steamboa
clerk, such is the fact, in a great majority of eases tin
precise reverse holds good. That is—Steamboat Book-
Keeping, without a knowledge of the Mercantile, is more
complex, varied and difficult thnn Mercantile Book-
Keeping in the ordinary pursuits—and why should (I not
bo so? Steamboats incur responsibilities, contract debts
and deliver goods without pay, just as merchants do;
they often speculate just as m rchantsspeculate, and no:
unfrequently negotiate bills of exchange, lo “raise tin
wind,” or “to make ends meet, tindercircum thoes that
would make a “Levee merchant” b’ush. I have known
a gentleman to purchase a steamboat without a dollar
in band, drop her down to the wharf, “stick up his shin-
jild” for N. 0., get a full cargo, step into one of our of-
fices, effect an insurance on his ’-freight list,” negotiate
a bill of exchange on his agent in Jsi. 0. to pay charges
and outfit here, make a successful trip or two, pay for
his boat, and in sixty days on the look—out for a similar
speculation; such, and three times as much more of a
kindnd nature, not unfrequently falls to the lot of a
man but partially familiarized with the management of
accounts, to blunder through. Understanding the na-
ture of one account, he has left him an alternative, that
is, to throw all transactions into his Cash Account, Reca-
pitulate, and hand over a “Cash Memorandum” to his
successor.
This clerk turns over a new leaf, counts the actual
oaah on board, and commences his work on “a clean
.-beet,” but pays no further attention to the “Cash Me-
morandum” fit being no part of his business.) The m>
rnoiandum is soon misplaced or lost, debts due the boat
remain unbulUwted, bi Is against her commence coming
in—of which there is no entry in the books. The season
advancing, and the receipts falling off, the owners eon-
dude to “tie up;” whereupon the following interesting
conversation takes place, viz:
Owners. Well, Capt. ——, what’s the word?
Captain. Gentl men, wehavehad a fine run, a splen-
did business, carried more freight and passengers, made
better time, burned less wood, carried a smaller crew,
had the best steward in the trade—indeed, gentlemen, it
is acknowledged by all hands in port and out of ]x>rt,
high water or low water, that she is emphatically “the
boiit.”
Owners. Good morning, Mr ——, (clerk); what’s the
good news with you?
Clerk. Good morning, gentlemen. “Right side up!”
Only give this boat a fair chance, and she’ll stack you
up a cord of it.”
Owners. What do you mean by a fair chance Mr—?
Clerk. Let the owners square off old debts up to date.
put in an extra boiler, paint up and put her in first rate
limning order, and let Capt.——manage affairs to suit
his own notion.
Owners. How much short will the boat be, after pay-
ir g i-ff M far as >h> is n w allo?
Clerk. Can’t tell exactly: indeed, a Philadelphia
lawyer couldn’t tell, from the manner in which there
books have been kept, up to the time of my taking
change of them; bills are coming in every trip but, so
far as known, about fourteen hundred dollars will be the
pile.
Owners. Wei ! Well! well!! This will do pretty fair for
“green hands” at steamboating. A splendid boat—a
fire and popular captain—an economical steward—had
a splendid run, and made lots of money—but no cash on
board!
This might be thought a fancy sketch by some, (with
a few thousand dollars in pure cash) just ready to em-
bark in a steamboat speculation; but it is our read and
candid opinion, that if “an infallible medium” were to
issue a “narrative.” containing the History of steam-
boating and the Lives of steamboat owners, (especially
of those so unskilled in the management of accounts.) the
facts disclosed would prove that hundreds of captains,
pilot’s, engineers, etc., etc., had been ruined or rendered
bankrupt, and thousands of dollars squandered, by in-
competent, inexp rienced and careless steamboat clerks.
rapidly taking place, and interested parties are beooin-
ing inrpre sed \\i h the importance if confining them-
sehei to their legitimn e professions, or of qualifyi ;
themse ves for others before engaging in than. ;
coinjc nt and worthy accountants are beginning to ^
appreJatcd. ai d prope ly remunerated for theii service
Voung gen.lemen of the higher! rcsj ectability, who ha
distinguished tl.em e ves alike for moral character, i -
dustry ; nd superior professions:! qualification!1, are abau-
.loning the “coonting-boose” for “The office.”
Owners are requiring ihe books to be correctly kept,
and exacting Trip Statements and such other checks as
are n^ees.siry to p otect ih ir interests from the ineom-
petjent, the careiesand thedesigning.
The old—fashionid steamboat c erks, who understood
nothing but the recapitulation of cash,” are aban-
doning -th’ office” ami seeking empliymcnt in oth i
profesaiona, or they ar qualifying thtins. lves foraprfto-
tical and intelligenl disohaige of Jbeirduties; and we
are anticipating a period not distant, when steamboat-
ingi as a profusion, will be. elevated to its legitimate
and proper p Bition, and its lucrative otnees entrusted to
those only who are competent.
An extensive acquaintance with steamboat owners,
and an experience of thirteen years in overhaulirg and
adjusting steamboat Books, have induced u* to believe it
a duty we owe alike to ourselves and to those who are not
perfect, but wi.-h to be thoroughly qualified for the du-
:irs of tin ir office, to call attention to this subject, and
to ^ive a more extensive outline of what our institution
contemplates. It is not a school in the comm n aeoep-
ration of that term, but it is pre-eminently a counting-
hou-e, or an office. Ea h respective genii.man has his
own table, chair and drawer, and receives p rsonal > r
individual iustructiun during his continuance at the
lt.onis.
The preparatory course to Steamboat Book-Keepingia
substantially the same as that of the Mercantile, (ex-
cept Commission operations, &c.) after which the pupil
enters upon his duties as second clerk. With his “Me-
morandum Book,” he receives his freight, dray-load i f-
ter dray-load, signing his “tickets,” as in the practical
p 1 loin’ianeo of his duties on the wharf; when folly pre-
pared, he opens his Books and proceeds in his work, r^-
oeiving jind paying out cash, recording his freight list,
ooLectTng !iis passage and freight bills, adjusting the ac-
counts for damages, &c., winds up his trip, and makes
out his “balance sheet,” exhibiting the gains or Losmt
for every trip or month, as the case may be. The utili-
ty this coins has been Fully establish d in the jxipu-
I rity t f these who have adopted it, as well as those Who
are Interested in Books kept by pupils of ihis Institu-
tion. From among some thi tv. who have completed
h ir courses and distinguished themselves as competent
o practically perform the duties of steamboat book—
keepen, we beg leave to ref.r those wishing information
to
And others omitted for the want of room.
9
The practicability cf adopting Corurnercial Law as an
important branch in a liberal and useful education will
be apparent to ail, and the absolute necessity of making
it a constituent part of “a business man’s education"
grows out of the nature of the relation, that eommercinl
usages and the mercantile profession sustain to the pro-
fession of law.
If R geirl. man choose to adopt the mercantile profes-
sion, Mi’oulil he not know what constitutes a bargain in
the eye of the law? with nil that relates to a contract of
sale’/ how far, in making a bargain, he may rightly
avail him If rf knowledge, which he knows the other
does not p:wscss, without informing him of it? In other
word.-, should he not know where is the dividing line
between f ir dealing and cheating?
If a merchant buy goods in a distant market, should
he not understand lib own rights, and also the duties and
responsibilities of common carriers?
If (as most prudent merchants do) he effect an insu-
rance upon bis goods—if, in the regular course of trans-
portation, or while in th: warehouse, or when on sale in
the store, those goods are subject to various perils—is it
not absolutely necessary for him to understand his own
duties, and a’so the responsibilities of the Underwriters?
If, to meet the demands for an increase of capital, oi
to supply themselves with additional counsel or assist-
ance in trade, merchants find it convenient to associate
themselv.is in partnership, should they not therefore be
well acquainted with their respective legal rights, duties
and guarantees?
Indeed, the two professions are so intimately connect-
ed, and their reciprocal duties so marked, as to puzzle the
intelligent business man to determine which is the great-
est “lioor,” or the most unfortunate victim—a lawyer,
unskilled in I he management of accounts, acting as
“Master in Chancery,” or a merchant, unfamiiiiimed
with the laws of trade, embarking in various complicat-
ed speculations or incurring high responsibilities. -Ah!"
remarks a casual observer, “would you require every
merchant to be educated for a lawyer? “I answer, (says
Jud^e Walker,) that while there “is a vast field of law
which I would advise the merchant not to meddle with,
I would have him study the general principles of mer-
cantile law, for the same reason that 1 would have a me-
chanic familiar with the tools of his trade. Indeed t’o
essential do I deem this kind of kriowledge to every mer-
chant, that, were I educating my son for that pn fission,
I would set apart at least two years of his noviciate ex-
p-eesly for this study ; nay rnort—so much do the two
professions run into each other, ejpjciaJy in commercial
cities, that if I were educating my son for the law, 1
should desire to have him spend at least the same period
in a good counting-room. I sp:ak now from my own
ional experience. After having occupied more
than the usual lime in preparing to practice law, when
I entered upon Ibe praeuee, the most serious want I en-
countered was the want of a more accurate knowlxlgt
of those customs of merchant*, which constitute an Iwpc
a part of mercantile law. But while I make this con
fession, let me say, on the other hand, ’hat a som whsi
extensive p"ofesstona tntercour.-e v,\ h the Inercanmi
clnsa. has often caused me to fe I artouished at, theii
profound ignorance of their legal righto and duties, al-
though to that very ignorance I was indebted for th
reel of my professionnl services."
It is not tin- ietign of this department to pnxluco law
yers butitsh’l be -the bigh-.-st aim to k ep mertbni
out of law. Ve!*v j.reit and insuperable oharnel shv
hitl erfo p’ewn ed ’he currying into execution of o
original ii.teniions touchi-g his inte’e ring subj ct, bi
oar arrangements are such as to enable us to give th
fullest a.-surance to the public, that in future a regain
course of lechre- will be delivered during each session
embracing the following subjects, via : Contracts in o
nernl, Cm’r.ic s of Bale, Contracts of Affrtiffhtnu>n
Contracts with Common Cftrriera, e c. etc.; Fire Insi
runce and Marine Insurance, with sreh other subject? n
have a direct bearing on Mercantile Contract*; Eai
nents in general, Foreign and Dome-ie Hi U tf i x
iange. Promissory Notes, Bonds, (’own nts, mid tsthci
>aled obligations’; Let-off and Keooupmvnt, Prineipn
nd Agent, Principal and Security, Uo’p^rations, i
“vilhsueh other Buojtets as in vy be of practical u ilitj
o Ihe busirus.- man, and ennbl tie weivhant to ui.de;-
tand his rights mid responsibilities.
This department occupies the third story of (hi
mi.ding, situatidim the touth-eabt corner (if \\
on avenue and Third stieet, and wil. hereafter b. iiniii’
he contiol of Chariks Btewart, Profotso ui M;h
naties, whose superior qua.irioationa as a huwj seful ’ii-u
uhcr have been long known and proper y appreciated h
his community; and his compote sy.-iun of luad-
kekoning” makes this course of the higli,-t impoi-tamc
X) those wishing to become thorough pvacttoai w;a-urt
ants. The conrso of instruction embraces a know] dg >l
every species of oalculution nececsury for a businew iuai
o knew; the System is Analytical, Inductive and lJrao-
ical, including ali the modern iujpnn-iUknts in h A\-
of Teaching, (many cf uh’uh are oi iginftl, : nd ]iicu ini
o this Institution,) Midi an the ’’Canoil ii>g Method,"
Rules for Interest CaicLlatiops, Geneial Average, etc.
For a full course in Arithmetic, guaranteeing to
the Pupil the p ivilcge of conipl ting at up-
tion, and of reviewing the so me durin- I : .
Fot further infonnntion touching thi;> dtpartraent.
p?ease refer to Pule.-sor kSte\vart’s Card tu be found in
ihis Circular, page 31.
To write a free, legible hand—suoh as should be used
in the keeping of books, the making out of bills, or ii
the ordinary correspondence of a business man—is a-dc-
rirable Aocwnphament in the education of young gen-
;K men for every profession; but, most especially, is it
an object cf iir.-i importance with those desiwusij quali-
fying themselves for mercantile and business pursuits.
No pains will be spared, on the part of the Professoi
in thin department, to give a free and natu nl us, of the
:rm, wrist and lingers, and to impart a u,l ivatcd tas e
for a plain, uniform and expedilioui?f-yrtcni if fine rii-
ing. Every thing rescin- ling a flourish pwitively pro-
hibited with those designed for the counting-room.
For a fuii Course in Ptnmnmbiu, guaia, ieing
to ill l’i pii the pivi cr.e of comptetii g nt
Opudm. and of reviewing the bame during
A full course of Double-Entry Jjook-Keeping,
(unbriit-ing Mercantile, Manufnoturinp,
Bti ainlioat Book-keeping, & Ac.,; in ail i!s
Graduation Feo, huludiug inoidtntai expeiteo,
and fee to examining committee............... 10.00
Tolal Collegiate Course, (Payable in advance) toS.Do
N. B.—The foregoing prices are founded upon a prin-
ciple of charging a gentleman for “instruction impart-
ed,” and not for tllc; 1’I11C uo m;*y attend, or the course
for which he may be “registered ;” and a deduction, in
all oases; will be mule for "previous knoictedgc." T\
a young gentleman, writing a legible hand, a deduction
will be^nade of five dollars, to one competent to per-
form the ordinary calculations of an accountant, a de-
duction will ba made of ten dollars; and in like propor-
tion for what may be known in Book-Keeping and
Commercial law.
An opportunity is thus given (to those who write a
legible hand and can make the ordinary arithmetical
o Initiations taught in common school-) of obtaining a
practical business education, for fif y dollar.-.
The time required to complete a full collegiate course
wil. not ex c d sixteen weeks, and may not require more
hon twelve; tha hours of iustruotion, in the respective
departments, being so arranged as to give eaoh gentle
in i.n a command of his entire time; 6.U progress will
t lerefiire, de^nd upon his application to studies and his
capacity for receiving instruction.
Whereas, it has be.-n represented to the Genera’
Aesein ,ly of this State, that gcit and important ad-
v intag-s would accrue to the oouundixial comma .i y
of the ti-"y of
m rcial College, to educate young men for mc.eantil
pursuits, and afford facilities to such pe sons as may
wish a B i ntific knowlelge of Double-Entry Book-
Keeping. ( ommercial C dentations. Oomm.Teiai Law
an I 1’emn in-hip; and whereas. For the promo ion uf
tbu obj ct, i: U tho design of the association he ein-
af for nuntio led. to procure or e eet. such buildings, as
may bj suited to the wants of the said association:
Now therefore, in o der to encourage and facilitate
tbenftresaid objaot, iind render the same more per-
manently and extensively useful,
Ue it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of
M-ssouri. as follows:
Sec. 1. That
Principal
m;c 2. That the paid
and their suete sors, shall have the power to gran
Diplomas, award Degrees, confer Honors, and exer ie
all and singular tho privileges common to Cmntnercin]
Colleges authorized by law in other States. They sh Ii
have tic power to appoint their own su
nob nddirionnl proffliora and s rvar.ts asimy be
sary io carry into effect the design “f ’"’* Jwooiation;
provided, nothing in this section be so construed as to
conflict wilb section fourth of this act.
Baa 8. When five or mo-o students slrdl hnve com-
pl i-d n full co’.irso in -l’oV lo-Entry ltx’k-K epinp,
quire a legible handwriting, (or shall otherwise satisfy
thj P.e i lent as to their competency.) then it sha.l be
he duty of the said Piesident, or his representative, by
and with the advice and consent of the candidate! 6)1
radnation, their parents or guardians, to appoint a
oommitt e of no: lets than three nor more thru ihe prsu1-
Lical accountants, whose duty ir shall bo to examine the
aforesaid candidates in nil of the above branches; and
if the said committee .award a certificate setting forth
their competi ncy to take charge of a set of books and
o perform ihe duties of an accountant, so’.entifical y and
)> actically. then s. otion second shall remain in full force
Rut in no case shall a Diploma be awaidcd except upon
the recommend rfion of the committee.
Bbc. 4. That the said
P c idont, shall h’ve iha power to li.l, sus>ei,d and
vacate all or c’ithe-of the above chairs, at op ion, by
serving a written notice upon the Profess* to I e sus-
pended or removed, at least thirty days prior to siuh
removal; provided, always, that nothing in this section
be s construed as to confer the power to said President,
or his successors. to permanently vacate, alter or add to
the number of Professorships in section first of this act
Cex-ept that of the Professor of Mathematics, whaie
chair may be added to that of the President.)
Sec. 5. That the said President and Professors shall
!>e a Hoard for the government, of this Institution ; thy.
and their assm-nics and successors, sh 11 hnve the rower
to make their own By-Laws; provided, nothing therein
c mflict with the laws of the land, or thj provisions of
this act.
Fec. 6. That this corporation, hereby created, shall
continue so long as it, faithfully observe: the object of
its institution; but the General Assembly, whenever
satisfied that it his Mled to pursue the alove objects,
may alter or repeal the same.
This, act to take edict from and after its pnssnge.
Approved
I,
Missouri do certify that the foregoing is a trueoopjref
an aobof the General \ssemb y of s-id ^rnte, en i led
In testimony whereof. I have hereunto set my hand
(L. S.> and affixed the se-1 i f office, at rbe Ciiy
A. D. 1840.
(Form op the certificates.]
This will certify That
lhis day completed “nlvrmv instructiofh n ful course
f Doubls-Entry Book-Krbpino—’mfcr*ping Meroan-
;;le, Manufacturing,and Steamboat B’H>k-K cping; Tn-
lividual. Company, and Compound Company; with
Form- adapted to the Wholesale. Retail. Banking and
’ommission Rusii>c:srs. etc. . tc.; tfigeth’T with Ao-
ounts Current, Account S;de-. and a com] 1 >t Bvntem of
Joramcrriftl Corrfepondenoe—at’d that be is in every
csp ct worthy of public onnfid nee nJ a Phactical Ac-
ihm \nt. and as sueli I do nv^t cli1’>f Hv oommend
lim to th’ f.ivo’:iblc consideraMiMi nf the (’otnnntlec
Berunnfter mentioned, and of those who may wish to employ a competent Book-Keeper.
Respectfully,
St. Loots,
We, the undersigned, a Committee of Practical Accountants, acting under the charter of Jones’ Coiu- m rciiil College (Sec. M.) do hereby certify, That William H. Stone, E*q., has undergone a strict per- Bor.al examination, by as, as to hi3 qualifications; and h is, therefore, by us. pronounced fully competent to t ke charge of u Set of Rooks, and perform the duties if an Accountant, scientifically and practically.
[Form of the Diploma.]
To the mercantile and Bussincss Community of the V. S.
This may certify, That William H. Stone, Esq.,has this day sustained nn honorable examination before a Board of experienced Practical Accountants, and Gradu- ated, at Jones’ Commercial Cou, Rgi;,inthe Theory nnd Practice of Double-Entry Book-Keeping, Commercial Calculations, Commercial Law and Penmanship, in consideration of which, we, the President and Faculty of the said institution, by virtue of authority in us vested by Law, do grant this Diploma, and confer upon him the Degree of Master of Accounts, which entiles him.as a Practical Accountant, to the confidence of the business community, and exacts from him a copsecration of his best efforts to piomoto the interest of his employers.
In Testimony Whereof, Wo have hereunto affixed our names and Corporate Seal, this
Total numwr since chartered (
One, somewhat ’-posted up” touching Men and things. would, at first view naturally enough presume it but an easy and pleasing task, to teach another a tiling, which that person’s own Professional duties—the duties be owes to his Creditors—the duties he owts to his i’ami y as well as his own personal interest and reputation require him to know. Acting under suih mistaken n dions, and from a well matu’ed conviction, that none but a thorough Accountant, himself skilled in the prao- tioal duties and personally familiarized with the entire routine of the Counting-llouse. could suecssf’ully train young genii men for the perfo-mance of their duties as practical Book-Keepers, the Principal of this Institution KpjncJ Jones’ Commercial School of
new institutions of this kind, and therefore their “wayB
liv equal,” and their views are but an inevitable result
_T nviu^ out of an Impartial c juiparison of what they
tbimn^vee have acquired under the tuition ofexper-
uucjJ t-1 ru.etic.il Accountants, with what inexperienced,
Ldjotnpeteut, tiiiorctic.il teachers have attempted to do.
JiJ we uuderstand the plan ami extent of instruction
iJo;jLed in this Institution, no better than they do, it is
more than probable that we should lend thtm a helping
.i;intl to exterminate the imaginary evil, and add our
.Turning voice to the Young ami Unsuspecting, but in
.ai- particular wo have an advantage over them: Hence
;luir innooeney and our accounlaoility. There is a
practical Book-Keeper whose name is il—— at thi:
ain.1 iu charge of BjjUs in one of our mast respectable
u.rjaadlj teases, at a salary of one thousand dll irB
ur auuum, who upon completing his course in Book-
ieepin under our instruction some years ti.ics, oom-
mdnceifauJ c.ndu;ted the fallowing conversation with
the Principal of chid Institution, iu the presence of the
trhoie oohixil.
Ajr. li——(standing up at his Desk.) “Mr. Jones,
why is it, ttiuX you have so many enotnies among the
practical Accountants and businass men of this Ciiy V
J. J——. “.Mr. il—— you astonish me sit1? It is
true I am but a comparative stranger in the City, have
11 ide the acquaintance of but few practical Accountan.s
iud business meu, have forma] r ither a favorable opin-
ion of tU.’Srf with whom I have become acquainted, had
tonight they were nut very neighborly, but I was quit.
certain that, wlien we be jam j a. little more intimate, wt
wjull oe a^ l’riead.y as D.ivll and Jonathan were. But
p.ease .’Jr. 11--------explain yourself moiu fu.ly on this
subject ?"
Mi-. 11——. -Do you remember my oominencing
a course of instruction with you some two or three ycara
since, and my uucjrimonious discontinuance?"
J. J——. (Juke well sir."
.Mi’. Ji--------. “I was at that time acting in a sub-
ordinate mui .tiun in one of the eiiy Insurance Offices,
andon:>day 1 accident Ily named to Mr.——, our
Secretary, that I was attending your School in order to
team B.ok-Lvet-king. Oh ! Fudge; s.iid he all a "Hum-
buj !" sir, a "Humbug!" You c nuot Lam anything
.h.iv, it is on y throwing away time find money with-
out the possibility of my practical good to be derived;
aidsuihw.is my confidence in the genil.m .n’s judff-
m.-nt and his kh:d inteutLms towards mj asaf.knd,
d off attending your (School, and made en-
nts with ->., Bru. & Co. at a nuinlti A saiary tiud
lefc i’jr Illinois. Some weeks since I revived a letter
f.o:u M. t*. containing a proposition for ma to take
of their Booksn condition, that I wou.d taki’
a preparatory course of instruction in youi institution,
I have aec.jrdingiy done, to my entire Bad fan
Won, and to-morrow I take charge of A. & P.’g Bunks
with full eonlideuco in my ability to keep th m convc ly
ani to ih.ir entire Bati f totion; and had 1 knownsc
rnich at y:>ur Institution at the time I spoke to Mr.——
as I do now. I could have had clou hi j the nlary utKl
t mu v>ars i i valuab) exp rience. and but for Mr. P., I
should have remained ignorant of the true nnture ai d
ierign >f your Institution, as I presume thousands in
this city are at this time."
Mr. H—— took chsrge of the Books referred to, at
th i time spetifled; and from that day until now he has
been recognized as a competent Book-Keeper, and pur
Did no Dth r pn J’ eaoti, although he h:id never written
i ’ U ok- ktpt by Double-Entry previously to his enter-
ing this Institution.
This is but a fair specimen of what we could present
Jjy the hundred, during our first fuur or five years exper-
ience in this Oily, of young gentlemen of good bunu s
habits, writing beautifully, ready and accurate in I lit i
aleulation-:, and pjrfjc ly famili irized with busims
outiuL—who might tbis day command th ir tvv; h
hundred aoll irs pjr annum, had they not becom.: th
aisusp’f ing dapee nf tiiis class of “Old Fogies.” And
whom h;ue the.^e uOid Fogies” beneflttedby their ii.
in-ih -Manger” pAic-y? Have they Ijeiuvul.-iiily Stepped
busines-s cominnni.y with tliis Ink f loinp.t. nt p iicti-
on 1 instruction? Not they ! When experienced practl
cat Accountants adopt teaching 01 a profession and
organ sc an Institution u>Jh alt the /acuities known in
the actual performance of their duties in the Cou,itnij
Houte, do these -ancient worthies" vixit HtehlnBi itu-
Uuns and apeak fiotn what, they have seen or known?
Xot they! Their argument is -we have attended Com-
mercial Schools “D,nvr.v est” and were Hunbujijed
They have not got any thing as good “YutWkst,” as
they have -on East//1’ Ther fore nil Commercial
achooLs and Col .egos are “Humbugs"!!! It is true
that for a tiinj tney Bueoeeded in diverting the attention
.ifjustsucli young g.n.l men as were the best qualified
to appr.oiate the merits or to condemn the po.icy of an
Institution of this kind. _ But then we have gone to the
carpenter shop, to the paint shop, to the prindnf office,
and to the pi nigh Innidle and .e.ectul our materfal ami
prodUc d a d t#a of ijook-Keep rs of an entire y new tuid
different stamp. Those old f .shinned Accnuniania under
stand Book-Keeping, but-Tiikv don’t know ajjytbucg
klse" !! This new elaee of AcoonBtants, w re busin s..
men in the enlarged sense of tliat term, bef ire taking
lessons in liook-Keeping and mercantile usages. Educnt-
. d in the school of experience in which men as tin y are,
and things as they should be, Constitute the slandaxl
i’ext Book. Raked to business, Accofltojued to inilus ii:.l
puisuits, and not ah.im d. or ion proud in work. Thus in keeping with the progress of this wonderful age die
economical m reliant is accommodated with a Book-
teeper and a Practical Business Man in the same con-
tract. Practkal Accountants, Bouness Men, and geutl-
men desirous of qualifying them.-ielvcS for business pur-
suits are urgently, but respectfully requested to visit our
rooms during business hours, and” examine our mode of
imparting instruction, in contradistinction to that ordi-
narily ad pted in Schools and Colleges, and become pe-
Boniilly acquainted with the actual workings of this In-
ititutdon, a^ such visits do not in the least interrupt th
regular operations of the School.
Eespjetfujy yours,
Epistolary Penmanship.
Bt
To write a plain, legible, chaste and uniform “Letfcer-
Hand,” is a dehirabb nccomplishinent in the eduoalinu
“f every Lady. But how few acquire this invaluable
art in our best Engli-h and Ciauwcttl High Schools?
This is owing to the fact that Teachers themseh
not given the subject the attention requisite to innsti r 1
praeucai system, snob ns mny be taught with suceew.
Many mite beautifully themstlves, who utterly fii! in
an attempt to enable others to execute with simi ur eiise
and cleganc., and it may be asked, why witsof We
imlusiliitinglv r. ply, their system are to them inlu’/ivr.
Penmanship, as a maebaoieal nrt, is the result i>fn com-
bined motion of the arm, the wrist, and th QngeiF. No
one but an artist can be taught to write by imitation
alone, while all may 1l> taught a beautiful hand by 0
proper system of training.
By
We fire not unconscious of thofact )l)a(- gftmei in this
community, will att oh ’novelty” to tu, jd0,, ,,] Impart,
tag Uutmc ion to L-idios in the Bcieticj oi tD4)tiping
.niii)--: neither are westrangew tu wh1 ItrequieeiD
he way of axpendi ure wd p revering toil to r, volu-
ionize jxipular sen’iment, where an entire I
muuily have been long Bccuatom d to look one way at
lie same eulject, but exporienoe has onj; im
vinced u- tlmi i’ is but :i” ea.-y task to teach a person a
Ching which it is his interest to know, or to enlist the co-
operation of n class deservedly popular for thcii enligbt-
ned liberality and qnl.igtd views of jrogrcssive im-
provemeDts and practical r. forms.
The only questions with us have been, Is it practicable
and of public utility 1 Can we accomplisn. the object
with credit to ourse.vcs and with profit to others ?
Is it practible and of public utility? From
well digested and universal y conceded prt mises, we an-
bicipate but little difficulty in maintaining the affiimatrr.
against thu possibility of Fuooefful contradiction. The
leading detign of education be ng to qualfy its recipients
for a practical performance of the duties of life, it only
remains for us to saw that many of the duties of life
devolving upon ladies, require a, knowledge of accounts,
and we shall have accomplished our object.
For us, even in ihidcountry, to see a Lady, as a natural
guardian, aesuwe the administration uf a large estatt,
otm tea no unusual surprise, though the may be totally
ignorent touching, the management of accounts, and un-
familiaiized with a general business routine. Waiving
the numerous embarrassments, always consequent upon
a tiansition from the Control of one kind of business to
li: i 11 another, so different in Us nature and require-
ments, “hat most be the r su.t ? Again, if the accu
lnulation .n of that estate required yean of persevering
application to business, with tact, talent, and practical
knowledge of accounts, is it. presumable that a lady
wholly destitute of a “business education,” can Succees-
fuily and profitably direct its affairs? Do not exper-
ience and obsrvation too frequently prove that she and
hera lie*-ome >m easy prey to “Interested Financiers,” for
the want of this very species of infoimation ? We only
,1 sire to direct public attention to a few of the leading
p incit-lee which have actuated us in the commencement
f ;.n enterprise, though uew in this countiy, none the
irs important, as experience has els.wh^re proved. It is
no unusual oocuiTenoa in Philadelphia, Liveipocl, or
Paris, to we a lady of the highest respectability in full
charge of a set of books; and why thou d it not be the
ease in this ci:y, where a. number of ladies have distin-
guished ihrui-vlvi s in the mercantile community, as
quully buoo a 1.1 as gentlemen, in oouunasding the
trade and in fettering their means.
Can we acc0mp1iH llli: object with cremt to
oii^e: vks and tkokii’to 0tbkb8? Although, during
ill ’ [1:1st ten years, we have been often sollicittd by
Indus f r instructing in Book-Eeeping, until the present
wv have Invariably declined, cwing mainly to two
Causes.
First. Our efforts to form a reputation at a successful
tencher was an experiment in the estimation of the
business community of questionable utility, owing al-
gether to the fact tnat numerous unqualified and inex-
perienced teachers had extorted large sums I r pretend-
ing to d” what they could not accomj li-h. It was a
most unive sally dolared, that no one oould be qualified
in a schoi 1 f-;r the practical peifurmanes of an account-
aot’a dute
We were once four months in this city without recciv-
a tingle pupil, and we state nothing more than an
examination of our oatalogne, for the last four years,
will prove to be Strictly true, when we thus publicly de-
clare, that we have compelled this community lo ac-
knowledge the genuineness of oar credentials at a Pro-
fessional Teacher, and to uvwi amply and sa tafaotorilj
compensate us for our services while doing so : and we
might furthermiire state, (did not m d irty 1 irbid,) tha,
we have revolutumiecd popular sentiment upon tbtfaob-
jjot, and eBtahlwhed an institution upon a penoaneni
hiisis for the education of gentlemen for business pur-
suits, not BurpaaBed, if equaled, by any Commercial Col-
lege in the United States.
And how have we accomplished our objeei?
We bave taken mechanics f 0111 the Workshop, and
lAtemn m from behind the counter, and qualified them as
luntants fur th.- situation they now hold—
m ) e than one hundred and eighty of whom ;:re n w in
bis city, performing their duty Jurf as practically, and
Counting-house. And it is our unwavering opinion, that
we can ummplishjust as satisfactory retulta Ly the in-
struction of ladies.
Secondly. We have not hitherto had the facilities
l’t.r titling up such apaitmtnts as we thought would bt
in keeping with the class, of pupils wLu Would be
likely btnefitted by such iiutiuctioi.; I ut we flatter cur-
stlves in the belief that ;:11 sutb cXjections will disap-
pear upon a vitit to the “Young Ladies’ Cotlegiate In-
stitue. The rooms are entheiy digetumcua, and the
hours of instruction are to am n^ed nt not to cunfiin
with “Jines’ Comintrcial College,” and “fcttwart’e
tsathematical Institute."
Ladies may enter for the above courses separately or
the entire number; but in no ease \wll payuittit be ex-
acted for any but the branches in which tue lady may
nave received instruction.
The Tuition Fees in the respective Departments are
the same as charged in Jones’ Ceuimercii.l College and
Stewari’fl Mathi matical Institute lor the s; me branches,
and uniformly payable in advance, ’ihe importance of
Liii rule wi.l appear evident Ui all, as our charge is not
tor lime., m r for a given number i i lets ns, but ft r com-
pleting the pupil in the lespec ive biai.ch lor wLich tht
may register herself. She baviug the privilege of com-
I luting or reviewing the same at option, uunng liJe, Ikc
uf aduitional charge, renders it imperious that this rule
be invariu.bly complied with.
This Institution has been in successful operation for
the last eight y.ars under the exc.usive control of Chas.
Stewabt, aiiel the success which has attended ft, len-
ders its location pelmaiieiit. This Institution possesses
peculiar advintages over other institutions cf learning,
in this respect—it enables the student to devote his en-
lire attention to one branch of studj—thus enabling
iiim to gain a. more thorough kuowleelge of any bruuch
uf mathtrmatios, or the entire course, in iibout one-fifth
part of the time required in our best schools and colleges.
All the branches of Mathematics are taught in this In-
stitution, together with Natural Philosophy, Astroncmy,
Mechaniod, and Bng.ieh tinmmar.
Any peison wwhing instruction in any or all of the
abovt-named branchea, \\i 1 save time uini txj.en.-e by
patronizing this Institution, as the mode oi imparting
instruction is peculiaily adxpted to the development of
-nniiig powen—so th: t the strnknt o mmencee to
\; Bon when be begins to study the Bcience oi numbers.
All prupsitions in this Institution are worked on the
puixly analytical method, which is the mly true system
of teaching Matbtmatics. ’Ihe cancelling methtd is
mbined with the analytical in ihi.^ in^iituiion, by
which nearly every proposition d i.ny length may be,
solved without one-eight part of the figure that are uses
in ihe ordinary method of caleulmion. All prop
ked on the black-board, aud exjlaiutU by lecturer
monntrations bo that the studei.t is guided by rea-
son : instead of an imricate rule that he has commitieu
I1 memory, each studeni baa to di moi st ate his prpose
tion as he works it; mid it must so Criticly
student that eveiy me in bis class can ihoruugbly compre
heiid it, though they w re entir ly ignoram \4 th pro-
blem when it waa mm. uoed. liente, the mind of every
student leveloped by thu-metiiod of imparv-
ing instrue ion—and so thorough is the knowledge gain-
d, that the student will have do ditncuiiy in applaying.
his calculation to the daily buisness transaction of lite
I especially itiniis to the daily busiihm instruction in
mathematicas, as Will as those Laving children to edu-
,d :.ll levers uf learning, lo c II and witn age of nine to rixtetn jea e, st [ve tin mewl dif-
noult problems in Matbematioe in the shortest possible.
im . j..-c’atorrf are p-.ivil g u to p esent any problem
At . i iy iiin :, fir itnm di.ite solution by soina one of the
p iii s under the age of eighteen yea-s.
☞
in .ufccfaenialie? on tlie iitsr of SepUmbjr, competent as
ristants having been obi ained? room^ to” be on the fii>t
I H.r. entire y separate from thu ncn 1 men’s d part-
itienf. The Evening Session to commence the
October
bat w II seel inieof
1 ,-t, under the nge f eighteen years?) in Matbeinftrtes.
id a pat-To ex utinatioj)—the pup U to examine eoc-li
tlm. .\o [iio,.Ktu to be ins nted unle-s the one who
ii can wnk iL himself, ’Ah-j teacher may assist
uu pupil, and
Tuition furs payable in advance,☞^^the Pupil
reserving the right to review at any future time, free of
additional charge.
commenting the first Monday evening in Octobtr, on his
method of teaching Arithmetic—the Lcc’urcs to be free.
The public are invited to attend. Each Student who at-
tends evening school,, will be charged one d liar for light.
N. 13. Gentlemen in the Cotnra ’icial Colon ati il)e-
pnrttnen*. who do not complete their d urse Ixfore leav-
ing, and those who continue longer than five n on In, will
be charged for a full course in Aiit.hint.tic, i.
fancy
and
staple dry goods,
☞ The above elegant and spacoies hotel will be open for the accomodation of
the public on the
(successor to tutt & watson)
boots and shoes,